Evaluation of high-density tank cultivation of the live-feed cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops royi (Lindberg 1940)

Jepsen, Per Meyer; Gréve, Hans van Someren; Jørgensen, Katrine N.; Kjær, Kristine G.W.; Hansen, Benni Winding

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736125

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…However, to avoid overcrowding and negative outcomes, the maximum rearing densities must be determined for this species. High rearing densities are known to have a negative impact on growth, behavior [ 82 ], fertilization [ 83 ], adult cannibalism of nauplii [ 2 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 ], female reproductive capacity, egg hatching rate, and to induce the collapse of the reared stocks [ 84 ], causing the nauplii population to decline. Holm et al [ 88 ] reported that maintaining a high density of O. nana males minimizes mate-seeking behavior after a period of competition for food and starvation, which also may limit the growth of the species [ 89 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zooplanktonic copepods form part of the diet of many aquatic organisms [ 1 ], and because of this they have been employed as live prey in fish larviculture [ 2 ]. Copepods are a good food source for fish larvae because they have a better biochemical profile than traditional live feeds such as rotifers and Artemia [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 17 , 18 , 19 ], Apocyclops spp. [ 2 , 20 , 21 ], the harpacticoids Tisbe spp. [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], Tigriopus spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Microalgae Diets on the Biological and Growth Parameters of Oithona nana (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)

Huanacuni

Pepe-Victoriano

Lora‐Vilchis

et al. 2021

Animals

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Several species of the planktonic free-living genus Oithona have been successfully used in the larviculture of marine fish and shrimp. However, few studies have been published that allow us to estimate the potential of Oithona nana culture under controlled conditions. This work evaluated the effect of the microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans as single (200,000 cells/mL) and mixed diets (100,000 + 100,000 cells/mL) on population and individual growth, ingestion rate, number of spawnings, fertility, development time by stage, and sex ratio of O. nana. We cultured this copepod at 28 ± 0.5 °C, 35 PSU salinity, 125 lux, and 12:12 photoperiod. Results showed that diet had no effect on the final population level (6273–7966 ind/L) or on individual growth, nor on sex ratio, with less males than females. With C. calcitrans, O. nana had a higher filtration rate (57 ng C/ind/day). On the other hand, a mixed diet induced a higher number of spawns (0.4 events/day) and nauplii per spawn (23 ind). Similarly, a single or mixed diet, containing I. galbana, accelerated the development rate by 6.33–7.00 days. We concluded that O. nana can be cultured with both microalgae, indicating its potential use in an intensive system for production. However, more research is required to improve the productivity of O. nana rearing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Microalgae Diets on the Biological and Growth Parameters of Oithona nana (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)

Huanacuni

Pepe-Victoriano

Lora‐Vilchis

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…For example, various marine ornamental and commercial fish species, including green mandarin fish Synchiropus splendidus (Zeng et al, 2018), longsnout seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Shubert et al, 2016), cloudy damsel Dacyllus carneus (Anzeer et al, 2019) and Atlantic bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus (Yúfera et al, 2014), have been successfully reared with significantly improved survival and growth using copepods as the first-feed. Yet, despite gaining more interest in recent years due to their obvious advantages as larval live prey over traditional live feeds, knowledge on copepod performance in intensive cultures remains limited (Abate et al, 2014;Rasdi and Qin, 2016;Jepsen et al, 2021). This under-utilization is mainly attributed to their relatively low productivity in intensive culture (Støttrup, 2000), which in turn could be partially attributed to a lack of research in the field.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Microalgal Food Quantity on Several Productivity-Related Parameters of the Calanoid Copepod Bestiolina similis (Calanoida: Paracalanidae)

Camus

Rolla

Jiang³

et al. 2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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The optimization of copepod feeding protocol is paramount to improve culture productivity and to maintain favorable water quality parameters overtime, as well as saving operational costs by preventing the production of unnecessary quantities of microalgae. The influence of microalgal feeding concentration on major parameters related to culture productivity of the calanoid copepod Bestiolina similis (Paracalanidae) was investigated in a series of laboratory experiments. B. similis was fed eight different concentrations (0, 150, 300, 600, 900, 1,200, 1,500 and 1,800 μgC l–1) of a mixed microalgal diet consisting of Tahitian strain of Isochrysis species, Pavalova 50 and Tetraselmis chuii at 1:1:1 carbon ratio. The results indicate that female daily and cumulative egg production over lifespan, egg hatching rate, naupliar and copepodite survival and development, adult female life expectancy, population growth and fecal pellet production rate (FPPR) were all significantly affected by microalgae feeding ration. Conversely, no significant influence could be established between microalgae food concentration and egg diameter or adult sex ratio. Feeding rations as low as 150 μgC l–1 led to lower egg hatching rates, survival and development, adult female life expectancy and population growth compared with the higher microalgae rations tested. Feeding concentration ≤ 900 μgC l–1 significantly limited female daily egg and fecal pellet production rate, as well as their cumulative egg production over lifespan, when compared to a level of 900 μgC l–1. Bestiolina similis fed with 1,200 μgC l–1 significantly improved female egg and fecal pellet production when compared to the lower treatments and was responsible for the highest female lifespan egg production and population growth observed among all treatments. Feeding rations as high as 1,500 μgC l–1 and 1,800 μgC l–1 did not lead to significant improvement in any of the parameters measured. This is likely due to a saturation effect at high food concentration which is known to decrease calanoid copepods feeding efficiency. Finally, B. similis FPPR, used as a proxy for ingestion, was found to saturate at a microalgae concentration of 783.4 μgC l–1 using a non-linear Michael-Menton (2 parameters), indicating that CVI female ingestion did not increase significantly above this concentration. Based on the above results it is recommended that B. similis cultures should be fed at a concentration of 1,200 μgC l–1, and not above, as rations > 1,200 μgC l–1 will not significantly improve any of the productivity-related parameters observed in this study. Feeding rations should never be below 783.40 μgC l–1 as this is the threshold level below which adult female ingestion rates become limiting.

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“…Jepsen et al (2021) observed in small‐scale experiments no density limitation on the cyclopoid Apocyclops royi (Lindberg 1940) female ovigerous rate, a proxy for fecundity, even at a density of 10,000 mixed staged individuals L −1 . This is far denser than hitherto reported for any marine cyclopoid copepod (Broach et al, 2017; Lee et al, 2012; Lee & Park, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Can we adjust a marine cyclopoid copepod to freshwater?—First step towards a ‘universal’ live feed product for fish and shrimp larvae

Hansen

Ciappini

Malmendal

et al. 2021

Aquaculture Research

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The copepod Apocyclops royi tolerates very low salinity while being highly capable of synthesizing n‐3 fatty acids based on PUFA‐poor diets. The feasibility of culturing A. royi in freshwater fed with baker's yeast was evaluated. The copepods were adjusted for 8 days by decreasing stepwise from salinity 20 to freshwater diluting with deionized water. Initially, the cultures exhibited adequate survival and reproduction. However, after 10 days in freshwater, they stopped reproducing presumably due to the lack of vital ions in the medium. Therefore, before continuing the freshwater cultures, we tested the survival of a batch of salinity 1 pre‐acclimated adults and copepodites in various types of freshwater: deionized, bottled ‘mineral’ and tap water for 48 h. All copepods died in deionized water, but a significantly higher survival, 29% ± 11%, was found in mineral water versus 11% ± 8% in tap water. Hence, we continued culturing the copepods in freshwater using ‘Maglekilde spring’ water as diluter. The copepods regained and kept reproducing until day 71 where the experiment was terminated. After a 48 h freshwater versus salinity 20 exposure, nauplii survival was significantly less in freshwater 25 ± 12 versus 79 ± 20 (±STD) at salinity 20 but not different in mean body length. For the first time, we conducted NMR metabolomics revealing a large decrease in glycine betaine and a large increase in lactate in the copepods when challenged by freshwater versus salinity 20. There is obviously a ‘price to pay’ when culturing not only the copepods in freshwater, but also perspectives in developing a ‘universal’ A. royi live‐feed product.

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Evaluation of high-density tank cultivation of the live-feed cyclopoid copepod Apocyclops royi (Lindberg 1940)

Cited by 17 publications

References 48 publications

Influence of Microalgae Diets on the Biological and Growth Parameters of Oithona nana (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)

Influence of Microalgae Diets on the Biological and Growth Parameters of Oithona nana (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)

Effects of Microalgal Food Quantity on Several Productivity-Related Parameters of the Calanoid Copepod Bestiolina similis (Calanoida: Paracalanidae)

Can we adjust a marine cyclopoid copepod to freshwater?—First step towards a ‘universal’ live feed product for fish and shrimp larvae

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