Evaluation of human risks of surface water and groundwater contaminated with Cd and Pb in the southern El-Minya Governorate, Egypt

Abstract

Water pollution with cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) is a worldwide concern because of their health impact. Determination of their concentrations and potential human health risks in surface water and groundwater in the southern El-Minya Governorate, Egypt, is the main aim of this study. Fifty-five samples were collected, 30 surface water samples and 25 groundwater samples. The samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrometry to determine Cd and Pb contents. Their levels in surface water and groundwater exceeded the maximum allowable level for drinking water set by the World Health Organization (WHO). The hazard quotient showed that the surface water and groundwater may pose a health risk to residents, especially to children. S. A. Salman et al.: Evaluation of human risks of surface water and groundwater contaminated with Cd and Pb

A Novel Approach to Prepare Cellulose-g-Hydroxyapatite Originated from Natural Sources as an Efficient Adsorbent for Heavy Metals: Batch Adsorption Optimization via Response Surface Methodology

“… 4 − 6 For instance, lead and copper are among the most common pollutants present in industrial effluents which cause considerable effects on the human body even at a low concentration. 7 − 9 According to the U.S. Environmental Action Group, industrial effluents have menaced the health of more than 10 million people in many countries. 10 For these reasons, much attention has recently been devoted to wastewater treatment, and many environmental policies insist that the effluents containing hazardous heavy metals must be treated to certain concentrations before their discharges into receiving bodies.…”

“…Owing to industrialization processes and fast-moving economic development in recent decades, the environmental contamination caused by heavy metals has become one of the serious concerns over the world . The origin of this environmental problem derives principally from various industrial activities, which produce enormous quantities of wastewater containing diverse concentrations of heavy metals into the environment. , These heavy metals are carcinogenic agents and pose a grave hazard to the living population in view of their persistent, nondegradable, and accumulative nature. − For instance, lead and copper are among the most common pollutants present in industrial effluents which cause considerable effects on the human body even at a low concentration. − According to the U.S. Environmental Action Group, industrial effluents have menaced the health of more than 10 million people in many countries . For these reasons, much attention has recently been devoted to wastewater treatment, and many environmental policies insist that the effluents containing hazardous heavy metals must be treated to certain concentrations before their discharges into receiving bodies.…”

Environmental Geochemistry and Fractionation of Cadmium Metal in Surficial Bottom Sediments and Water of the Nile River, Egypt

“…Significant Cd pollution in the Nile River bottom sediments between Aswan and Esna, near the phosphate shipping harbors [ 21 ]. The Nile River and its tributaries are pretentious by various human-caused activities, including the disposal of sewage sludge and wastewater, agricultural activities, industrial processes, and the use of phosphate fertilizer [ 2 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. According to Egypt’s Nile River studies [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], hazardous metals such as Cd, Pb, and Fe have been found in important economic fish species, aquatic plants, and water.…”

“…Once heavy metals are discharged into the environment (air, soil, water, and sediments), they don’t disappear; sediments, soil, and biota absorb them. As a result, sediments, water, and biota play a key role in determining the extent of environmental toxicity of dangerous compounds [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. It is widely accepted that certain elements are essential for life on earth, such as iron, copper, zinc, and manganese.…”

Hydro-Geochemical Applications and Multivariate Analysis to Assess the Water–Rock Interaction in Arid Environments

“…Water scarcity in these hyper-arid areas might affect a number of activities (including the economy and human life); as a consequence, different actions are needed to avert the expected disasters and conflicts that may develop as a result of insufficient water supplies [1]. Groundwater is the second source of water used in agriculture, industry, and domestic applications [2]. Groundwater flow models are used to analyze groundwater flow behavior and recharge in vast aquifers [3], but these techniques might be challenging to implement due to a lack of datasets and the time and resources required to obtain them.…”