Background and objectives: Due to the increased demand for food for the growing population, pesticides are widely used to control diseases and boost productivity. This study was designed to evaluate the toxic effects of the fungicide, Mancozeb (MZ), in the liver of the fish strain Channa punctatus. Methods: Fifty-four healthy C. punctatus fish (24 ± 4.0 g, 11.0 ± 2.0 cm) were divided into three groups (n = 18 per group): control, T1 (20% of 96 h-LC 50 -2.068 mg/L) and T2 (40% of 96 h-LC 50 − 4.136 mg/L). Reactive oxygen species, redox imbalance, and liver biomarkers were measured after 20, 40, and 60 d of MZ exposure. Transcriptional profiling of XBP1s and NOX4 genes was performed after 60 d.Results: There were significant (p < 0.05) increases in reactive oxygen species induction, oxidative stress biomarkers (lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase), and liver biomarkers (alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and total bilirubin) after 20, 40, and 60 d of MZ exposure. However, there were significant (p < 0.05) decreases in superoxide dismutase and catalase after 40 d. There was a significant (p < 0.05) upregulation in XBP1s (5.1-fold) and NOX4 (3.3-fold) gene expression in the T2 group after 60 d. These results collectively evinces the inflammatory response triggered by MZ. It may serve as early bio-indicators of endoplasmic reticulum stress and in prevention and treatment of liver diseases.
Conclusions:The present study established that MZ is an oxidative stress inducer that may lead to liver diseases like liver steatohepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and non-alcoholic liver steatohepatitis. Further studies are required to elucidate