Evaluation of indigenous plant extracts against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston) (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract

Since ancient times, plant and microbial products were used in various aspects. However, their use against insects decreased when chemical products became developed. Recently, concerns increased with respect to public health and environmental security requiring detection of natural products that may be used against insects. In this study, mosquito Larvicidal and ovicidal activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extracts of the leaf of three plants, Eclipta alba, Cardiospermum halicacabum, and Andrographis paniculata, were tested against the early third-instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi (Liston) (Diptera: Culicidae). The larval mortality was observed after 24 h of exposure. All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in methanol extract of A. paniculata, E. alba, and C. halicacabum against the larvae of A. stephensi (LC(50) = 79.68, 112.56, and 133.01 ppm; LC(90) = 154.66, 220.68, and 270.72 ppm), respectively. Mean percent hatchability of the ovicidal activity was observed 48 h post-treatment. The percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentration of extract and directly proportional to the eggs. Mortality of 100% with methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. paniculata and methanol extract of E. alba were exerted at 200 ppm and methanol and benzene extract of C. halicacabum exerted at 150 ppm. This is an ideal eco-friendly approach for the control of the malaria vector, A. stephensi. Therefore, this study provides first report on the larvicidal and ovicidal activities against malaria vector, A. stephensi of E. alba plant extracts.

Ovicidal and repellent activities of botanical extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae)

“…The percent hatchability was inversely proportional to the concentration of extract. Mortality of 100% with methanol and ethyl acetate extract of A. paniculata and methanol extract of E. alba was exerted at 200 ppm and methanol and benzene extract of C. halicacabum exerted at 150 ppm [26] . Methanolic leaf extract of Cassia fistula was tested for larvicidal activity against Cx.…”

Larvicidal and ovicidal properties of leaf and seed extracts of Delonix elata (L.) Gamble (Family: Fabaceae) against malaria (Anopheles stephensi Liston) and dengue (Aedes aegypti Linn.) (Diptera: Culicidae) vector mosquitoes

“…The larvicidal and ovicidal activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extracts of the leaf of three plants, E. alba, C. halicacabum, and A. paniculata against A. stephensi, the highest larval mortality was found in methanol extract of A. paniculata, E. alba, and C. halicacabum against the larvae of A. stephensi (LC 50 0 79.68,112.56,and 133.01 ppm;LC 90 0154.66,220.68,and 270.72 ppm), respectively (Govindarajan 2011b); the highest larvicidal activity was observed in the essential oil from Z. officinale against C. tritaeniorhynchus and A. subpictus with the LC 50 and LC 90 values as 98. 83 and 57.98, and 186.55 and 104.23 ppm, respectively (Govindarajan 2011c).…”

“…Govindarajan and Karuppannan (2011) investigate the larvicidal and ovicidal activities of benzene, hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and chloroform leaf extract of Eclipta alba against dengue vector, A. aegypti. The larvicidal and ovicidal efficacy of different extracts of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. against C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti (Govindarajan 2011a)-the larvicidal and ovicidal activity of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform, and methanol extracts of the leaf of three plants, E. alba, C. halicacabum, and Andrographis paniculata-were tested against the early third-instar larvae of A. stephensi (Govindarajan 2011b). Muthukrishnan and Puspalatha (2001) evaluated the larvicidal activity of extracts from Calophyllum inophyllum (Clusiaceae), Rhinacanthus nasutus (Acanthaceae), Solanum suratense (Solanaceae), Samadera indica (Simaroubaceae), and Myriophyllum spicatum (Haloragaceae) against A. stephensi.…”

Studies on larvicidal and pupicidal activity of Leucas aspera Willd. (Lamiaceae) and bacterial insecticide, Bacillus sphaericus, against malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi Liston. (Diptera: Culicidae)

“…The leaves aqueous and hydro-alcoholic extracts inhibited 99.4% and 100% of the egg hatching and 100% of larval development at 12.5 mg/ml, respectively (Kamaraj et al 2010). All extracts showed moderate larvicidal effects; however, the highest larval mortality was found in the methanol extracts of Andrographis paniculata, Eclipta alba, and Cardiospernum halicacabum against the larvae of A. stephensi (LC 50 =79.68,112.56,and 133.01 ppm;LC90=154.66,220.68,and 270.72 ppm), respectively (Govindarajan 2010). The nereistoxin was inversely pro- LC 50 -Lethal concentration that kills 50% of the exposed larvae and pupae, LC 90 -Lethal concentration that kills 90% of the exposed larvae and pupae, LCL = Lower Confidence Limit, UCL = Upper Confidence Limit, x 2 -Chi-square values are significant at P<0.05 levels.…”