Evaluation of Industrial Workplace Exposure to Metal Fumes using Toenail as Bio-Indicator

Bakri, Siti Farhana Zainal; Hariri, Azian; Ismail, Marzuki; Damanhuri, Amir Abdullah Muhamad

doi:10.30880/ijie.2019.11.05.018

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 35 publications

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“…To the best of our knowledge, no studies have been conducted thus far assessing pollutants in biological media on a nationwide scale among general population. However, studies pertaining to occupational exposure have been conducted in Malaysia including assessment of heavy metals in toenails of welders (Hariri et al 2018;Zainal Bakri et al 2019), cadmium exposure among waste collectors (Ismail et al 2018), as well as heavy metals levels in nails of farmers (Ahmad Rohi et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Concentrations of Metals and Metalloids in Malaysian Adults

et al. 2021

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Exposure to environmental pollutants in humans can be conducted through direct measurement of biological media such as blood, urine or hair. Assessment studies of metals and metalloids in Malaysia is very scarce although cross-sectional nationwide human biomonitoring surveys have been established by the USA, Canada, Germany, Spain, France, and Korea. This study aims to assess urinary metal levels namely cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) among Malaysian adults. This was a cross-sectional study involving 1440 adults between the age of 18 and 88 years old. After excluding those with 24 h urine samples of less than 500 ml, urine creatinine levels < 0.3 or > 3.0 g/L and those who refuse to participate in the study, a total of 817 respondents were included for analysis. A questionnaire with socio-demographic information such as age, gender, occupation, ethnic, academic qualification and medical history was administered to the respondents. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected in a container before being transported at 4 °C to the laboratory. Samples were then aliquoted into 15 ml tubes and kept at − 80 °C until further analysis. Urine was diluted ten-fold with ultrapure water, filtered and analysed for metals and metalloids using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The geometric mean of urinary As, Ni, Cd and Pb concentrations among adults in Malaysia was 48.21, 4.37, 0.32, and 0.80 µg/L, respectively. Males showed significantly higher urinary metal concentrations compared to females for As, Cd and Pb except for Ni. Those who resided in rural areas exhibited significantly higher As, Cd and Pb urinary concentrations than those who resided in urban areas. As there are no nationwide data on urinary metals, findings from this study could be used to identify high exposure groups, thus enabling policy makers to improve public health strategically.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%