Evaluation of inherent properties of the carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for potential application in tissue engineering focusing on bone regeneration

Abstract

Biomaterials are essential in medicine because these biological macromolecules have appropriately replaced classical tissue grafting techniques for their valuable features. Bone tissue engineering has persistently developed since “tissue engineering” was suggested. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is the first FDA‐approved water‐soluble derivative of cellulose that could be targeted for desired bone tissue graft. Numerous studies on CMC as a component created for bone tissue have recently been published. Because of its carboxylate groups, CMC is hydrophilic. CMC can crosslink with varied materials, such as synthetic and natural polymers, enabling innovative bone structure biomaterials. These carboxylate groups are responsible for in situ gelations and bio‐adhesion characteristics. In this review, the current progress and inherent characteristics of CMC‐based bone scaffold materials are discussed.

Characterization and Comparative Investigation of Hydroxyapatite/Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CaHA/CMC) Matrix for Soft Tissue Augmentation in a Rat Model

“…Thus, it can be inferred that the carrier polymer phase components have amorphous structures and possess the capability to effectively serve as carriers in rheological terms. This outcome agrees with the literature’s findings. , …”

“…Cellulose-based materials are commonly used in biological applications due to their superior properties, such as high-order self-assembly, lower antigenicity content, and enhanced compatibility with established technologies. CMC, a cellulose derivative synthesized by chemically modifying cellulose’s noncrystalline regions with alkylating reagents, is a water-soluble, biodegradable, and non-toxic material − that has exceptional film-forming capabilities. , It offers unique properties for emulsification, thermal film formation, binding, gelling, coating, suspending, and thickening. − Its polyelectrolyte nature makes it responsive to changes in the ionic strength and pH, enhancing its compatibility when combined with various polymeric substances. This property is particularly important in the preparation of hydrogels, nanoparticles, and biomaterial scaffolds for drug encapsulation. , CMC is a commonly utilized material in the fields of biotechnology, tissue engineering, and pharmaceuticals owing to its biodegradability and biocompatibility. , In regenerative medicine, CMC is extensively utilized because of its organic origin, outstanding biocompatibility, low potential to trigger inflammatory reactions, and ability to promote cell growth. , Furthermore, CMC is biodegradable and naturally eliminated from the body within 6 to 8 weeks .…”

“…28,38 Furthermore, CMC is biodegradable and naturally eliminated from the body within 6 to 8 weeks. 30 CMC stands out as a dermal filler gel because of its shear-thinning fluid behavior. 38,39 This study introduces an innovative injectable gel for soft tissue repair and augmentation comprising spherical HA particles suspended in the CMC.…”

“…CMC, a cellulose derivative synthesized by chemically modifying cellulose’s noncrystalline regions with alkylating reagents, 25 is a water-soluble, biodegradable, and non-toxic material 26 − 29 that has exceptional film-forming capabilities. 30 , 31 It offers unique properties for emulsification, thermal film formation, binding, gelling, coating, suspending, and thickening. 32 − 35 Its polyelectrolyte nature makes it responsive to changes in the ionic strength and pH, enhancing its compatibility when combined with various polymeric substances.…”

“… 28 , 38 Furthermore, CMC is biodegradable and naturally eliminated from the body within 6 to 8 weeks. 30 CMC stands out as a dermal filler gel because of its shear-thinning fluid behavior. 38 , 39 …”