“Evaluation of ion mobility spectrometry for the detection of mitragynine in kratom products”

Fuenffinger, Nathan C.; Ritchie, Melissa; Ruth, Ashley; Gryniewicz-Ruzicka, Connie M.

doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.055

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Its high sensitivity, at the ng level, and portability makes it attractive for screening. Fuenffinger et al [108] used IMS and later compared the results with those obtained using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). LC–MS/MS detected mitragynine in one additional sample, whose concentration was below the IMS detection limit.…”

Section: Analytical Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples

et al. 2019

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The abuse of psychotropic substances is a well-known phenomenon, and many of them are usually associated with ancestral traditions and home remedies. This is the case of Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), a tropical tree used to improve work performance and to withstand great heat. According to several published studies, the main reasons for kratom consumption involve improving sexual performance and endurance, but also social and recreational uses for the feeling of happiness and euphoria; it is also used for medical purposes as a pain reliever, and in the treatment of diarrhea, fever, diabetes, and hypertension. However, this plant has gained more popularity amongst young people over the last years. Since it is available on the internet for purchase, its use is now widely as a drug of abuse, namely as a new psychoactive substance, being a cheaper alternative to opioids that does not require medical prescription in most countries. According to internet surveys by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in 2008 and 2011, kratom was one of the most widely supplied new psychoactive substances. The composition of kratom is complex; in fact, more than 40 different alkaloids have been identified in Mitragyna speciosa so far, the major constituent being mitragynine, which is exclusive to this plant. Besides mitragynine, alkaloids such as corynantheidine and 7-hydroxamitragynine also present pharmacological effects, a feature that may be attributed to the remaining constituents as well. The main goal of this review is not only to understand the origin, chemistry, consumption, and analytical methodologies for analysis and mechanism of action, but also the use of secondary metabolites of kratom as therapeutic drugs and the assessment of potential risks associated with its consumption, in order to aid health professionals, toxicologists, and police authorities in cases where this plant is present.

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Section: Analytical Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples

et al. 2019

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“…The author assumed that prior methods were not used in optimal condition to specify kratom as the sole ingredient in specimen submitted, which makes the high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass more selective (44). IMS: recently, in 2016, Fuenffinger et al (45) proposed IMS as a new method to detect Mitragynine in Kratom products (45). The group reported that 13 of the 15 samples in the sample set contained mitragynine at levels above the IMS detection limit, providing a positive success rate of identification of Mitragyna at 100%, and no false positives were obtained.…”

Section: Diagnosis Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The group reported that 13 of the 15 samples in the sample set contained mitragynine at levels above the IMS detection limit, providing a positive success rate of identification of Mitragyna at 100%, and no false positives were obtained. The group claimed IMS as a suitable method for a rapid screening technique for kratom products containing mitragynine (45). …”

Section: Diagnosis Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical Benefits, Diagnosis, and Clinical Risks Evaluation of Kratom

Fluyau

Revadigar

2017

Front. Psychiatry

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BackgroundKratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical tree with a long history of traditional use in parts of Africa and Southeast Asia. Kratom is also known as Thom, Thang, and Biak. Its leaves and the teas brewed from them have long been used by people in that region to manage pain and opioid withdrawal and to stave off fatigue. Kratom is actually consumed throughout the world for its stimulant effects and as an opioid substitute (in form of tea, chewed, smoked, or ingested in capsules). Some case reports have associated kratom exposure with psychosis, seizures, intrahepatic cholestasis, other medical conditions, and deaths. The clinical manifestations of kratom effects are not well defined and the clinical studies are limited. Data research suggest that both stimulant and sedative dose-dependent effects do exist, in addition to antinociceptive, antidepressant activity, anxiolytic-like effects, and anorectic effects, but a growing concern for the drug’s effects and safety of use has resulted in national and international attention primarily due to an increase in hospital visits and deaths in several countries that are believed to have been caused by extracts of the plant. There is a dearth of double blind controlled studies. In this study, we aim to use existing literature to clarify both benefits and risks of kratom as well as its diagnosis evaluation as kratom misuse is an emerging trend in the Western world.MethodsLiterature review using databases such as Embase, Medline, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Mendeley from 2007 to 2017 were evaluated by all authors to analyze current state on benefits, risks, and diagnosis evaluation of kratom (M. speciosa).ResultsData analysis suggested that kratom possesses some benefits such as stimulant and sedative effects as wells as antinociceptive effects. It seems to inhibit pro-inflammatory mediator release and vascular permeability and can enhance immunity. In addition, it may be an antidepressant and anorectic. However, kratom can cause intrahepatic cholestasis, seizure, arrhythmia, impair memory function, coma, and death. Psychological manifestations described are euphoria and feeling relaxed to severe symptoms such as aggression, hostility, and psychosis. Medical manifestations described are polyuria, dry mouth, vomiting, and jerky movements. Currently, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) are suggested as the most promising to rapidly screen kratom products providing a positive success rate.ConclusionOur data analysis has not determined if biochemical benefits of kratom may prove to outweigh its toxicity and risks. On the contrary, it seems that its potential side effects outweigh the benefits, and severe and real health hazards can, insidiously, lead to death. Kratom clinical, psychological, and medical manifestations can be disturbing. Kratom (M. speciosa) use, among multiple compounds of the leaf, appear to be increasing in the Western world. Promising methods to accurately identify kratom compounds are still ongoing.

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“…Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is another rapid separation and detection technology developed in the later 1970s . Due to its simple instrumental hardware, high sensitivity, fast analysis speed and reliable results with minimum cost, IMS is widely accepted in the fields of chemical warfare agents, homeland security, food, pharmacy, biology, environment and so on . Similar to CE, IMS can also be miniaturized to handheld size with high sensitivity and resolving power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization multiplexing ion mobility spectrometry

Guo

Zhang

et al. 2019

Electrophoresis

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In this work, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) function as a detector and another dimension of separation was coupled with CE to achieve two‐dimensional separation. To improve the performance of hyphenated CE‐IMS instrument, electrospray ionization correlation ion mobility spectrometry is evaluated and compared with traditional signal averaging data acquisition method using tetraalkylammonium bromide compounds. The effect of various parameters on the separation including sample introduction, sheath fluid of CE and drift gas, data acquisition method of IMS were investigated. The experimental result shows that the optimal conditions are as follows: hydrodynamic sample injection method, the electrophoresis voltage is 10 kilo volts, 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate buffer solution containing 80% acetonitrile as both the background electrolyte and the electrospray ionization sheath fluid, the ESI liquid flow rate is 4.5 μL/min, the drift voltage is 10.5 kilo volts, the drift gas temperature is 383 K and the drift gas flow rate is 300 mL/min. Under the above conditions, the mixture standards of seven tetraalkylammoniums can be completely separated within 10 min both by CE and IMS. The linear range was 5–250 μg/mL, with LOD of 0.152, 0.204, 0.277, 0.382, 0.466, 0.623 and 0.892 μg/mL, respectively. Compared with traditional capillary electrophoresis detection methods, the developed CE‐ESI‐IMS method not only provide two sets of qualitative parameters including electrophoresis migration time and ion drift time, ion mobility spectrometer can also provide an additional dimension of separation and could apply to the detection ultra‐violet transparent compounds or none fluorescent compounds.

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“Evaluation of ion mobility spectrometry for the detection of mitragynine in kratom products”

Cited by 17 publications

References 25 publications

Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples

Mitragyna speciosa: Clinical, Toxicological Aspects and Analysis in Biological and Non-Biological Samples

Biochemical Benefits, Diagnosis, and Clinical Risks Evaluation of Kratom

Coupling of capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionization multiplexing ion mobility spectrometry

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