Evaluation of Japanese B Encephalitis Vaccine

Sabin, A. B.; Tigertt, W. D.; Ando, Kiyoshi; Berge, Trygve; Blender, J. X.; Burns, Kenneth F.; Kitaoka, Masami; Kitayama, Minoru; Satterwhite, J. P.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a119805

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The vaccination was conducted under cooperative study between U. S. A. and Japan in Okayama during the period from 1946 to 1949. The vaccine was apparently effective to reduce morbidity rate one-third or one-fourth but not conclusive , Sabin et al 1956, Tigertt et al 1957). On the other hand the Ministry of Agriculture Forest started the country-wide vaccination for horses against JE since 1948.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past the evaluation of the vaccine was assumed in comparison of morbidity rates of vaccinees with those of non-vaccinees (Sabin et al 1956, Tigertt et al 1957, and Matsuda 1962. In 1965 the vaccine was evaluated under double blindness in comparison of vaccinees with placebo group under the Committee on the JE Vaccine Evaluation in Republic China.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Session 1. Mosquito-Borne Viruses

1967

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Session 1. Mosquito-Borne Viruses

1967

JJMSB

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“…Albert Sabin had the opportunity to study and describe this outbreak and the use of the vaccine [ 266 ]. Even after the war, Albert Sabin and the US military collaborated with Japanese researchers for studying together the JE vaccine [ 267 ]. The US military suffered a relevant outbreak of 300 cases of JE in 1950 among the US troops stationed in Korea during the Korean War, although the US military were all vaccinated, and 16 lethal cases were observed [ 257 ].…”

Section: Vaccine-preventable Infectious Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Historical Review of Military Medical Strategies for Fighting Infectious Diseases: From Battlefields to Global Health

Biselli

Nisini

Lista³

et al. 2022

Biomedicines

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The environmental conditions generated by war and characterized by poverty, undernutrition, stress, difficult access to safe water and food as well as lack of environmental and personal hygiene favor the spread of many infectious diseases. Epidemic typhus, plague, malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, hepatitis, tetanus, and smallpox have nearly constantly accompanied wars, frequently deeply conditioning the outcome of battles/wars more than weapons and military strategy. At the end of the nineteenth century, with the birth of bacteriology, military medical researchers in Germany, the United Kingdom, and France were active in discovering the etiological agents of some diseases and in developing preventive vaccines. Emil von Behring, Ronald Ross and Charles Laveran, who were or served as military physicians, won the first, the second, and the seventh Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for discovering passive anti-diphtheria/tetanus immunotherapy and for identifying mosquito Anopheline as a malaria vector and plasmodium as its etiological agent, respectively. Meanwhile, Major Walter Reed in the United States of America discovered the mosquito vector of yellow fever, thus paving the way for its prevention by vector control. In this work, the military relevance of some vaccine-preventable and non-vaccine-preventable infectious diseases, as well as of biological weapons, and the military contributions to their control will be described. Currently, the civil–military medical collaboration is getting closer and becoming interdependent, from research and development for the prevention of infectious diseases to disasters and emergencies management, as recently demonstrated in Ebola and Zika outbreaks and the COVID-19 pandemic, even with the high biocontainment aeromedical evacuation, in a sort of global health diplomacy.

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“…The developers of most earlier vaccines relied on antibody responses to evaluate vaccines in early phase clinical trials as they hypothesized that antibodies would be the basis of immune protection. Sometimes these vaccine developers used or attempted to use information from animal protection studies, [12][13][14][15] protection by passive transfer of antibodies studies, [16][17][18] and natural history studies 13,17,19 to estimate target protective antibody titers. They did not proceed ''empirically'' into large efficacy trials with products that failed to induce sufficient antibody responses.…”

Section: An Alternative Approach To Iterative Exploratory Large Clinimentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Vaccine Development: Strategies for Preclinical and Clinical Investigation

Shapiro

2013

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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This article discusses HIV vaccine discovery and candidate vaccine testing in the context of current realities of funding and clinical trial practice. Lacking perfect animal models for testing candidate HIV vaccines, clinical investigators have proposed a strategy of iterative exploratory clinical trials in the model of cancer chemotherapy development. Problems with the appropriateness of this model to HIV vaccine development are discussed. Also, the future feasibility of this strategy in the context of increasing clinical trial costs and emerging new, efficacious prevention modalities is questioned. Strategies for making better use of animal models are presented as an alternative to iterative exploratory clinical efficacy testing. Some ways in which better data from preclinical studies can refine clinical product development are described. Finally, development of an HIV vaccine under the FDA's "Animal Rule" pathway to licensure when human efficacy studies are not feasible is discussed as a fall-back approach. Not making a preventive vaccine against HIV infection is simply not an option because eradication of AIDS will require a preventive vaccine.

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Evaluation of Japanese B Encephalitis Vaccine

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Session 1. Mosquito-Borne Viruses

Session 1. Mosquito-Borne Viruses

A Historical Review of Military Medical Strategies for Fighting Infectious Diseases: From Battlefields to Global Health

HIV Vaccine Development: Strategies for Preclinical and Clinical Investigation

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