Evaluation of Labrador Sea Water formation in a global Finite-Element Sea-Ice Ocean Model setup, based on a comparison with observational data

Abstract

The deep water formation in the Labrador Sea is simulated with the Finite-Element Sea-Ice Ocean Model (FESOM) in a regionally focused, but globally covered model setup. The model has a regional resolution of up to 7 km, and the simulations cover the time period . We evaluate the capability of the model setup to reproduce a realistic deep water formation in the Labrador Sea. Two classes of modeled Labrador Sea Water (LSW), the lighter upper LSW (uLSW) and the denser deep LSW (dLSW), are analyzed. Their layer thicknesses are compared to uLSW and dLSW layer thicknesses derived from observations in the formation region for the time interval 1988-2009. The results indicate a suitable agreement between the modeled and observational derived uLSW and dLSW layer thicknesses except for the period [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007] where deviations in the modeled and observational derived layer thicknesses could be linked to discrepancies in the atmospheric forcing of the model. It is shown that the model is able to reproduce four phases in the temporal evolution of the potential density, temperature, and salinity, since the late 1980s, which are known in observational data. These four phases are characterized by a significantly different LSW formation. The first phase from 1988 to 1990 is characterized in the model by a fast increase in the convection depth of up to 2000 m, accompanied by an increased spring production of deep Labrador Sea Water (dLSW). In the second phase (1991)(1992)(1993)(1994), the dLSW layer thickness remains on a high level for several years, while the third phase (1995-1998) features a gradual decrease in the deep ventilation and the renewal of the deep ocean layers. The fourth phase from 1999 to 2009 is characterized by a slowly continuing decrease of the dLSW layer thickness on a deeper depth level. By applying a composite map analysis between an index of dLSW and sea level pressure over the entire simulation period from 1958 to 2009, it is shown that a pattern which resembles the structure of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is one of the main triggers for the variability of LSW formation. Our model results indicate that the process of dLSW formation can act as a low-pass filter to the atmospheric forcing, so that only persistent NAO events have an effect, whether uLSW or dLSW is formed. Based on composite maps of the thermal and haline contributions to the surface density flux we can demonstrate that the central Labrador Sea in the model is dominated by the thermal contributions of the surface density flux, while the haline contributions are stronger over the branch of the Labrador Sea boundary current system (LSBCS), where they are dominated by the haline contributions of sea ice melting and formation. Our model results feature a shielding of the central Labrador Sea from the haline contributions by the LSBCS, which only allows a minor haline interaction with the central Labrador Sea by lateral mixing. Based on the comparison of the simulated and measured LSW layer thicknesses as well...

Simulated response of the mid‐Holocene Atlantic meridional overturning circulation in ECHAM6‐FESOM/MPIOM

“…There are a broad range of evidences, including observations and model simulations, suggest that the changes in the AMOC are likely to be the result of natural multidecadal climate variability and are driven by low‐frequency variations of the NAO—a leading mode of natural atmospheric variability [ Hurrell , ]—through changes in the deep convection of Labrador Sea [e.g., Houghton , ; Dickson , ; Curry et al ., ; Eden and Willebrand , ; Latif et al ., ; Latif and Keenlyside , ; Scholz et al ., ]. In this section, we focus on the hydrological budget and convection state in the deep water formation sites, which is linked to the atmospheric NAO variability.…”

“…The main three models used in the present study all produce a tendency towards a positive NAO state in 6k, however, the response of Labrador Sea P − E to the NAO+ mode in ECHAM6‐MPIOM (T31GR30) is opposite to that in other models, as precipitation exceeds evaporation happens in ECHAM6‐MPIOM with T31GR30 grid, and the higher resolution models (i.e., ECHAM6‐MPIOM (T63GR15) and ECHAM6‐FESOM) show the opposite case. There are clear indications that the North Atlantic Ocean varies significantly with the overlaying atmosphere, in particular the NAO [ Visbeck et al ., ; Scholz et al ., ]. Curry et al .…”

“…[] conclude that the changes in the thermohaline circulation during last century is driven by low‐frequency variations of NAO through changes in Labrador Sea convection. More recently, a delayed oscillator model suggests that NAO forces AMOC on a 60 year cycle [ Sun et al ., ; Scholz et al ., ].…”

Assessment of the Finite-volumE Sea ice-Ocean Model (FESOM2.0) – Part 1: Description of selected key model elements and comparison to its predecessor version

“…For the sake of the journal requirement, the code can also be accessed at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1116851 . The used mesh, as well as the temperature, salinity and vertical velocity (for the calculation of the MOC) data of all conducted simulations, can be found under https://swiftbrowser.dkrz.de/ public/dkrz_035d8f6ff058403bb42f8302e6badfbc/FESOM2.0_ evaluation_part1_scholz_etal/ (last access: 18 November 2019, Scholz et al, 2019). The simulation results can also be obtained from the authors upon request.…”

Flow paths and variability of the North Atlantic Current: A comparison of observations and a high‐resolution model

“…The probability tests the hypothesis of no correlation by using a t statistic with n‐2 degrees of freedom, a p‐value less than 0.05 indicates a significant correlation. The NAO winter (DJFM) index for observations and model has been computed from the difference of normalized sea level pressures between Ponta Delgada, Azores and Stykkisholmur/Reykjavik, Iceland [ Hurrell , ], for the modeled NAO the CORE.v2 sea level pressure was used [ Scholz et al ., ].…”