Evaluation of leaf protein concentrate from Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota as a substitute for soybean meal in Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings diets

Abstract

A 12‐week feeding experiment was performed to examine the impacts of partial or complete substitution of soybean meal (SM) with leaf protein concentrate from carrot and sugar beet (CLPC and SLPC) on growth, blood constituents and body composition in Oreochromis niloticus. Five isocaloric (gross energy, 4300 kcal/kg) and isonitrogenous (crude protein, 320 g/kg) diets were formulated. The basal diet was formulated to contain SM at 350 g/kg diet. SM was replaced by 50% and 100% of SLPC and CLPC (SLPC‐50, CLPC‐50, SLPC‐100 and CLPC‐100 respectively). The results revealed that there were no significant changes in the growth indices between fish fed on basal diet and SLPC‐50 and CLPC‐100 diets. The condition factor was significantly increased in all dietary SLPC and CLPC substitution levels. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio and survival rate were not altered by various dietary SLPC and CLPC levels. The inclusion levels of SLPC and CLPC in fish feed did not significantly affect most blood biochemical and haematological parameters. Except for the SLPC‐50 group, all substituted groups displayed a significant depletion in the crude lipid content compared with the non‐substituted group. Fish fed on CLPC‐100 diet recorded the lowest feeding cost and best profit margin compared with other experimental groups. In summary, the findings demonstrated that SLPC and CLPC could replace 50% and 100% of SM, respectively in O. niloticus feeds without any negative effects on growth and blood constituents. Besides, the total replacement of SM with CLPC was more efficient in producing low cost and healthy aquafeed.

Blood Performance: A New Formula for Fish Growth and Health

“…Further, no significant difference between growth and BP was observed when soybean meal was replaced up to 15% in California yellowtail ( Seriola dorsalis ) [ 101 ]. The soybean meal was totally replaced with leaf protein concentrate from carrot and sugar beet without impairment of growth and BP in Nile tilapia [ 102 ] (see more cases in Table S3 ). On the other hand, when an excessive amount of alternative proteins such as meat and bone meal [ 25 , 103 ], insect meal [ 94 ], and faba bean [ 104 ] replaced FM, the growth was declined along with BP.…”

Effect of replacing dietary soybean meal with pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) seed cake on growth, feed utilization, haematological parameters and fatty acid composition of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…In recent years, aquaculture has dramatically increased concomitant with the global demand for aquatic species (Dawood et al, 2020), with fish feed being the greatest single cost item in aquaculture, accounting for approximately 50% of the total operating costs in intensively reared fish (Ayyat et al, 2021). The increasing demand for fish meal and soybean meal, which are used as protein sources in aquatic feed, as well as the market price increases and fluctuations have caused the aquaculture industry to seek sustainable and cost‐effective alternative feed ingredients (Aydın & Gümüş, 2020; Hardy, 2010; Montoya‐Camacho et al, 2019; Tacon & Metian, 2015; Wang et al, 2020).…”

“…Pretreatment methods such as dehulling, germination, roasting, soaking, micronization, extrusion, heat, enzymatic and fermentative treatments can reduce ANF presence and improve plant protein digestibility and utilization by farmed fish (Anwar et al, 2020; Hassaan et al, 2015; Krogdahl et al, 2020; Kumar et al, 2020; Xie et al, 2021). Nonetheless, alternative feed ingredients must be identified, and the formulation of fish feed with non‐traditional, plant‐based feed ingredients has gained momentum in recent years to reduce feed costs and address environmental concerns (Ayyat et al, 2021; Faheem et al, 2020).…”

“…Thus, it is important to investigate more affordable feed ingredients for the diet of this fish, as high feed costs are a major problem in aquaculture production. Although there are several studies on alternative feed ingredients, evaluation of affordable and locally available non‐conventional feed ingredients in fish diets is still necessary (Ayyat et al, 2021; Dernekbaşı et al, 2017; Mamuad et al, 2020). From this perspective, the impact of plant‐based, non‐conventional feed ingredients as protein sources has been evaluated in several fish species, for example, sesame seed meal (Dernekbaşı et al, 2017; Saleh, 2020), moringa seed cake (Yuangsoi et al, 2014), peanut meal (Wang et al, 2020), groundnut oil cake (Ghosh & Mandal, 2015), pigeon pea leafmeal (Rani et al, 2021), safflower meal (Çantaş & Yildirim, 2020), Jatropha curcas kernel meal (Phulia et al, 2017), distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) (Aydın & Gümüş, 2020; Diógenes et al, 2019), faba bean meal (Li et al, 2020) and rubber seed meal (Deng et al, 2015).…”

“…Thus, it is important to investigate more affordable feed ingredients for the diet of this fish, as high feed costs are a major problem in aquaculture production. Although there are several studies on alternative feed ingredients, evaluation of affordable and locally available non-conventional feed ingredients in fish diets is still necessary (Ayyat et al, 2021;Mamuad et al, 2020).…”