Evaluation of long‐distance dispersal of <i>Culicoides</i> midges into northern Australia using a migration model

Eagles, Debbie; Deveson, Ted; Walker, Peter; Zalucki, Myron P.; Durr, Peter A.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.01005.x

Cited by 42 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Retrospective serological investigations following the detection of BTV 3 and BTV 16 suggested, however, that these serotypes were novel introductions. Evidence for the introduction of BTV serotypes by the entry of wind-borne infected Culicoides species is supported by the isolation of BTV 7 (2006BTV 7 ( -2007 and BTV 2 (2008 -2009) (14)(15)(16)(17). In the case of BTV 2, analysis of the genome segments showed many to be closely related to cognate segments of viruses from Taiwan and Asia and not to an Australian BTV serotype.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Eight of 10 genome segments of BTV_2_AUS_2008 are most closely related to the cognate segments of viruses from Taiwan and Asia and not other Australian BTVs, supporting the conclusion that the virus entered Australia recently (14). Since live ruminants are not imported, BTV vaccines are not permitted, and Australia is separated from Asia by water, the movement of BTVs into Australia is believed to be by way of wind-borne dispersal of infected Culicoides (15)(16)(17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Other BTV serotypes were isolated less frequently, and there were long periods during which many serotypes were not isolated, suggesting local extinction followed by reintroduction from within or outside Australia. In the early period of the surveillance program (1977 to 1986), eight BTV serotypes (1,3,9,15,16,20,21, and 23) were isolated. These may have already been present in northern Australian prior to the institution of the surveillance program.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in Northern Australia over 30 Years

Boyle

Amos-Ritchie

Broz

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV 1) was first isolated in Australia from cattle blood collected in 1979 at Beatrice Hill Farm (BHF), Northern Territory (NT). From long-term surveillance programs (1977 to 2011), 2,487 isolations of 10 BTV serotypes were made. The most frequently isolated serotype was BTV 1 (41%, 1,019) followed by BTV 16 (17.5%, 436) and BTV 20 (14%, 348). In 3 years, no BTVs were isolated, and in 12 years, no BTV 1 was isolated. Seventeen BTV 1 isolates were sequenced and analyzed in comparison with 10 Australian prototype serotypes. BTV 1 showed an episodic pattern of evolutionary change characterized by four distinct periods. Each period consisted primarily of slow genetic drift which was punctuated from time to time by genetic shifts generated by segment reassortment and the introduction of new genome segments. Evidence was found for coevolution of BTV genome segments. Evolutionary dynamics and selection pressure estimates showed strong temporal and clocklike molecular evolutionary dynamics of six Australian BTV genome segments. Bayesian coalescent estimates of mean substitution rates clustered in the range of 3.5 ؋ 10 ؊4 to 5.3 ؋ 10 ؊4 substitutions per site per year. All BTV genome segments evolved under strong purifying (negative) selection, with only three sites identified as under pervasive diversifying (positive) selection. The obligate replication in alternate hosts (insect vector and vertebrate hosts) imposed strong evolutionary constraints. The dominant mechanism generating genetic diversity of BTV 1 at BHF was through the introduction of new viruses and reassortment of genome segments with existing viruses. IMPORTANCE Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue disease in ruminants.It is a disease of concern globally and is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides species). Analysis of the evolutionary and selection pressures on BTV 1 at a single surveillance site in northern Australia showed strong temporal and clock-like dynamics. Obligate replication in alternate hosts of insect and vertebrate imposed strong evolutionary constraints, with all BTV genome segments evolving under strong purifying (negative) selection. Generation of genetic diversity of BTV 1 in northern Australia is through genome segment reassortment and the introduction of new serotypes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

mentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolution of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in Northern Australia over 30 Years

Boyle

Amos-Ritchie

Broz

et al. 2014

J Virol

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“…Indeed, modeling suggests that frequent incursions of BTV, which is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides spp. ), occur by wind-borne displacement of infected vectors across the Timor Sea from Indonesia and Timor Leste (34,35). Although BEFV has been isolated from both mosquitoes and biting midges in Australia and Africa, it has been argued that its epidemiological pattern is not consistent with the distribution or seasonal abundance of culicoides and that the need for direct intravenous injection to initiate experimental infection of cattle implicates mosquitoes (capillary feeders) rather than midges (pool feeders) as the principal vectors (2,36,37).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in the Australian Episystem

Trinidad

Blasdell

Joubert

et al. 2014

J Virol

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Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that causes a debilitating disease of cattle in Africa, Asia, and Australia; however, its global geodynamics are poorly understood. An evolutionary analysis of G gene (envelope glycoprotein) ectodomain sequences of 97 BEFV isolates collected from Australia during 1956 to 2012 revealed that all have a single common ancestor and are phylogenetically distinct from BEFV sampled in other geographical regions. The age of the Australian clade is estimated to be between 56 and 65 years, suggesting that BEFV has entered the continent on few occasions since it was first reported in 1936 and that the 1955-1956 epizootic was the source of all currently circulating viruses. Notably, the Australian clade has evolved as a single genetic lineage across the continent and at a high evolutionary rate of ϳ10 ؊3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Screening of 66 isolates using monoclonal antibodies indicated that neutralizing antigenic sites G1, G2, and G4 have been relatively stable, although variations in site G3a/b defined four antigenic subtypes. A shift in an epitope at site G3a, which occurred in the mid-1970s, was strongly associated with a K218R substitution. Similarly, a shift at site G3b was associated primarily with substitutions at residues 215, 220, and 223, which map to the tip of the spike on the prefusion form of the G protein. Finally, we propose that positive selection on residue 215 was due to cross-reacting neutralizing antibody to Kimberley virus (KIMV). IMPORTANCEThis is the first study of the evolution of BEFV in Australia, showing that the virus has entered the continent only once during the past 50 to 60 years, it is evolving at a relatively constant rate as a single genetic lineage, and although the virus is relatively stable antigenically, mutations have resulted in four antigenic subtypes. Furthermore, the study shows that the evolution of BEFV in Australia appears to be driven, at least in part, by cross-reactive antibodies to KIMV which has a similar distribution and ecology but has not been associated with disease. As BEFV and KIMV are each known to be present in Africa and Asia, this interaction may occur on a broader geographic scale.

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“…This phenomenon has been studied in six viruses transmitted by species of Culicoides in Europe (Sellers et al 1978;, the Middle East (Braverman & Chechik 1996), north America (Sellers & Maarouf 1991) and Australia (Murray & Kirkland 1995; and appears to be widespread and relatively common. Recent investigations into the wind patterns to the north of Australia indicate that favourable conditions for carriage of aerial plankton into northern Australia occur annually (Eagles et al 2012). …”

Section: Long Distance Movement Of Adults Of Culicoidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on the taxonomy of Australasian species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae)

Bellis¹

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The biting midge genus Culicoides contains approximately 1300 species worldwide. Many species are of economic importance either as biting pests of humans or domesticated animals or as vectors of pathogens for these hosts. The Australasian fauna contains a high proportion of undescribed species, most of which have not been formally placed into subgenera. Furthermore, many of the described species have not been revised since their original description and for these species data is lacking for several characters routinely used in modern descriptions, particularly the details of antennal sensilla. Additionally, several species are known only from a single sex.No tools are available to assist workers in recognising species of Australasian Culicoides. No Australasian specimens have undergone genetic analyses either to support specific status, monophyly of groupings or investigations into phylogeography.Using a modern suite of characters, morphological analyses of the known fauna of Australasia, including undescribed species, was used to complete a preliminary subgeneric classification of the Australasian Culicoides fauna. Wing photographs of all recognised species were compiled into a wing picture atlas which also provides a checklist of species and their subgeneric placement accompanied by a table of numerical values of described species.From the subgeneric classification proposed in the wing picture atlas, seven subgeneric groupings viz the Marksi, Bancrofti, Immaculatus, Molestus, Coronalis, Kusaiensis and Imicola groups, were fully revised including a group diagnosis, descriptions of new species, redescriptions of adult males and females and, where necessary, pupae. Species descriptions and group monophyly were supported where possible by COI and CAD molecular data.Included in these revisions are redescriptions of 17 existing species namely Culicoides

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Evaluation of long‐distance dispersal of Culicoides midges into northern Australia using a migration model

Cited by 42 publications

References 22 publications

Evolution of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in Northern Australia over 30 Years

Evolution of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in Northern Australia over 30 Years

Evolution of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in the Australian Episystem

Studies on the taxonomy of Australasian species of Culicoides Latreille (Diptera:Ceratopogonidae)

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