Evaluation of maize lodging resistance based on the critical wind speed of stalk breaking during the late growth stage

Xue, Jun; Ming, Bo; Wang, Keru

doi:10.1186/s13007-020-00689-z

Cited by 29 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The average force to push down the upright corn stalks was 87.80 ± 29.89 N, the average lifting force of the lodged corn stalks was 58.33 ± 10.76 N, and the average slipping force of lodged corn stalks was 100.91 ± 28.79 N. The bending moments on the stalks under the three situations were 35.12, 23.33, and 40.36 Nm, respectively, supposing the effects of the adjacent stalks not considered. The failure bending moment of the upright stalks was larger than Sekhon et al (2020) measured with the equipment of DARLING on corn 40 days after anthesis, but it was close to Xue et al (2020b) ’s result measured at the ear position after physical maturity. The difference might result from the varieties, growth stages, and the stalk conditions caused by planting patterns.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

“…The average failure torsional moment of the upright stalks was 4.02 ± 0.84 Nm, and that of lodged corn stalks was 3.33 ± 0.92 Nm. The weaker torsional bearing capacity of lodged corn stalks might be attributed to the decreasing of moisture content because of the insufficient supply of water after lodging, just like the declining of stalk strength after corn maturity ( Xue et al, 2020b ). Additionally, the destruction of soil also made the root easier to rotate under torsional force.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Measurement and Analysis of Root Anchorage Effect on Stalk Forces in Lodged Corn Harvesting

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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The effect of root anchorage on corn stalk is the main cause of difficulties in stalk lifting and ear picking of lodged corn. To quantify the forces on the stalks caused by root anchorage in corn harvesting, a root force measurement system was designed and applied in this study. The bending moment and torsional moment on the upright and lodged corn stalks were measured in corn harvesting with the designed system and the results were compared with the manually measured failure boundaries. The manually measured results showed bending moments to push down the upright stalks, to lift the lodged corn stalks, and to slip the lodged corn stalks were 35.12, 23.33, and 40.36 Nm, respectively, whereas the torsional moments needed to twist off the upright and lodged corn stalks were 4.02 and 3.33 Nm, respectively. The bending moments that the corn header applied to the upright, forward lodged, reverse lodged, and lateral lodged corn stalks were 10.68, 22.24, 16.56, and 20.42 Nm, respectively, whereas the torsional moments on them were 1.32, 1.59, 1.55, and 1.77 Nm, respectively. The bending force was the main factor that broke the root anchorage and influenced the stalk movement of lodged corn in harvesting. By analyzing the bending moment curves on the lodged corn stalks, it was proposed that for the harvesting of corn lodged in the forward, reverse, and lateral direction, the corresponding harvester header improvement suggestions are enlarging the size of pins on the gathering chains, reducing the speed of gathering chains, and lengthening the snouts with a sleeker surface, respectively. This study provides base data for the root anchorage effect on lodged corn and provides references for the improved design of the corn harvester header.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement and Analysis of Root Anchorage Effect on Stalk Forces in Lodged Corn Harvesting

Chen

et al. 2022

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…If stem bending/breakage occurs in dense maize, which may cause an inadequate supply of sucrose, the abortion of kernels could result, which may range from 20 to 50% (Zinselmeier et al, 1999 ; McLaughlin and Boyer, 2004 ; Hiyane et al, 2010 ). It is noticed that stem lodging in maize effects yields most when it occurs at the reproductive stage (Li et al, 2015 ), as lodging resulted in stalk breakage, which causes a reduction in nutrient flow for developing grains, inducing kernel abortion (Xue et al, 2020 ). To improve crop yield and ensure food security, we need to eradicate factors that cause complete crop failure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Stem Lodging and Kernel Abortion

et al. 2021

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High plant density is considered a proficient approach to increase maize production in countries with limited agricultural land; however, this creates a high risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion by reducing the ratio of biomass to the development of the stem and ear. Stem lodging and kernel abortion are major constraints in maize yield production for high plant density cropping; therefore, it is very important to overcome stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize. In this review, we discuss various morphophysiological and genetic characteristics of maize that may reduce the risk of stem lodging and kernel abortion, with a focus on carbohydrate metabolism and partitioning in maize. These characteristics illustrate a strong relationship between stem lodging resistance and kernel abortion. Previous studies have focused on targeting lignin and cellulose accumulation to improve lodging resistance. Nonetheless, a critical analysis of the literature showed that considering sugar metabolism and examining its effects on lodging resistance and kernel abortion in maize may provide considerable results to improve maize productivity. A constructive summary of management approaches that could be used to efficiently control the effects of stem lodging and kernel abortion is also included. The preferred management choice is based on the genotype of maize; nevertheless, various genetic and physiological approaches can control stem lodging and kernel abortion. However, plant growth regulators and nutrient application can also help reduce the risk for stem lodging and kernel abortion in maize.

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“…The nonuniform stress distribution in plants highlights the importance of loading plants in the most natural way possible when investigating stalk lodging resistance. While in vivo cantilever bending tests like the ones conducted in this study do not perfectly replicate wind forces they are a close approximation and are more economical than alternative in vivo testing scenarios (e.g., [ 41 , 42 ]). Additionally, in vivo cantilever bending tests produce the same failure types and patterns observed in naturally lodged plants [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Cross-sectional geometry predicts failure location in maize stalks

et al. 2022

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Background Stalk lodging (breaking of agricultural plant stalks prior to harvest) is a multi-billion dollar a year problem. Stalk lodging occurs when high winds induce bending moments in the stalk which exceed the bending strength of the plant. Previous biomechanical models of plant stalks have investigated the effect of cross-sectional morphology on stalk lodging resistance (e.g., diameter and rind thickness). However, it is unclear if the location of stalk failure along the length of stem is determined by morphological or compositional factors. It is also unclear if the crops are structurally optimized, i.e., if the plants allocate structural biomass to create uniform and minimal bending stresses in the plant tissues. The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) to investigate the relationship between bending stress and failure location of maize stalks, and (2) to investigate the potential of phenotyping for internode-level bending stresses to assess lodging resistance. Results 868 maize specimens representing 16 maize hybrids were successfully tested in bending to failure. Internode morphology was measured, and bending stresses were calculated. It was found that bending stress is highly and positively associated with failure location. A user-friendly computational tool is presented to help plant breeders in phenotyping for internode-level bending stress. Phenotyping for internode-level bending stresses could potentially be used to breed for more biomechanically optimal stalks that are resistant to stalk lodging. Conclusions Internode-level bending stress plays a potentially critical role in the structural integrity of plant stems. Equations and tools provided herein enable researchers to account for this phenotype, which has the potential to increase the bending strength of plants without increasing overall structural biomass.

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Evaluation of maize lodging resistance based on the critical wind speed of stalk breaking during the late growth stage

Cited by 29 publications

References 41 publications

Measurement and Analysis of Root Anchorage Effect on Stalk Forces in Lodged Corn Harvesting

Measurement and Analysis of Root Anchorage Effect on Stalk Forces in Lodged Corn Harvesting

Combating Dual Challenges in Maize Under High Planting Density: Stem Lodging and Kernel Abortion

Cross-sectional geometry predicts failure location in maize stalks

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