Evaluation of malnutrition via modified GLIM criteria for in patients undergoing emergent gastrointestinal surgery

Utilization and validation of the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM): A scoping review

“…Within healthcare system outcomes, mortality was reported most frequently (n ¼ 33; 27%) [16,22,23,25,26,28e31, 34,37e42,44,45,53,55,57,60,61,65,67,68,73e75,80,83,85,89]. Other outcomes were hospitalization/readmissions/costs (n ¼ 11; 9%) [27,29,34,38,44,62,67,69,83,85,91], hospital and/or intensive care unit LOS (n ¼ 10; 8%) [27,34,44,53,65,67,77,83,91], complications (n ¼ 7; 6%) [53e55, 68,72,85], critical care admission (n ¼ 2; 2%) [42,67], and institutionalization (n ¼ 2; 2%) [16,29]. Patient outcomes included sarcopenia (n ¼ 6; 5%) [17,18,24,35,38,93], physical function (n ¼ 5; 4%) [38,57,75,80,93], quality of life (n ¼ 5; 4%) [56,59,64,74,75], falls/fractures (n ¼ 3; 2%) [29,38], frailty (n ¼ 2; 2%)…”

“…In addition, the majority were conducted in acute care/hospital settings (n ¼ 53; 67%) [15,16,18,19,23e25,31e34], [36,37,40e79], followed by community and outpatient settings (n ¼ 20, 26%) [17,20,26e29,35,38,80e91] and home care and nursing homes (n ¼ 4; 5%) [21,22,30,92]; and 2 (3%) studies did not specify the setting [39,93]. Cancer was the most frequently reported diagnosis (n ¼ 20; 26%) [36,39,45e48,55,56,64, 69,73e75,78,79,83,85,87,91,92]; other diagnoses included COVID-19 (n ¼ 5; 6%) [42,52,63,67,77], gastrointestinal (GI) (n ¼ 5; 6%) [51,53,54,58,82], renal (n ¼ 4; 5%) [43,84,86,90], and cardiovascular diseases (CVD) (n ¼ 3; 4%) [23,32,57]. Several studies were categorized as "other" because their patient populations were described by specific care settings rather than diagnoses, such as acute care/hospital setting or primary care, (n ¼ 31; 39%) [15e19, 21,22,24,26e28,30,35,37,38,40,41,44,49,59e62,66,68,71,76, 80,81,89,93].…”

“…Fourteen (23%) studies were retrospective; of these, the types of validity reported were concurrent (n ¼ 1; 7%) [40], concurrent, predictive (n ¼ 2; 14%) [41,57], predictive (n ¼ 10; 71%) [16,26,27,31,34,39,53,68,77,84], and predictive, construct (n ¼ 1; 7%) [32]. Two (14%) studies applied SGA as the semi-gold standard for validation [40,41], and 1 (7%) applied the ESPEN criteria [57].…”

“…Two (14%) studies applied SGA as the semi-gold standard for validation [40,41], and 1 (7%) applied the ESPEN criteria [57]. Also, 11 (79%) of the retrospective studies did not specify meaningful health outcomes for predictive validity testing [16,26,27,31,32,34,39,53,68,77,84].…”

“…,62, 64,69,70,72e79,83,84,86,90,91]; 4 studies (5%) were conducted in *Requires at least one phenotypic criterion and one etiologic criterion for the diagnosis of malnutrition. BMI ¼ body mass index; FFMI ¼ fat free mass index; DXA ¼ dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry; BIA ¼ bioelectrical impedance analysis; CT ¼ computerized tomography; MRI ¼ magnetic resonance imaging; GI ¼ gastrointestinal.North America[40,50,53,85] and 4 (5%) in South America[44,54,65,82].Regarding study design, the majority were cohorts (n ¼ 48; 61%)[16,17,19,20,22e30,32,34,38e42],[44e49,52e55,57,60,65e68],…”