Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polymeric Materials for Possible Application in Mouthguards

Trzaskowski, Maciej; Mańka-Malara, Katarzyna; Szczesio-Włodarczyk, Agata; Sokołowski, Jerzy; Kostrzewa-Janicka, Jolanta; Mierzwińska-Nastalska, Elżbieta

doi:10.3390/polym15040898

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Among all tested 3D-printable materials, exible Key OrthoIBT and rigid ST1400 resins showed the best results for our design realization thanks to their superior mechanical properties (e.g., tear and impact resistance capability) and biocompatibility. A recent study also found Key OrthoIBT to be the most suitable photocurable resin for the mouthguard application after comparing the properties of different exible resins [5].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Design of customized mouthguards with superior protection using digital-based technologies and impact tests

Nasrollahzadeh,

Pioletti,

Broome

2024

Preprint

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Background: In contact sports, an impact on the jaw can generate destructive stress on the tooth-bone system. Mouthguards can be beneficial in reducing the injury risk by changing the dynamics of the trauma. The material properties of mouthguards and their geometrical/structural attributes influence their protective performance. Custom-made mouthguards are the gold standard, and different configurations have been proposed to improve their protection and comfort. However, the effects of different design variables on the performance of customized mouthguards are not well understood. Results: Herein, we developed a reliable finite element model to analyze contributing factors to the design of custom-made mouthguards. Accordingly, we evaluated the isolated and combined effect of layers' stiffness, thickness, and space inclusion on the protective capability of customized mouthguards. Our simulations revealed that a harder frontal region could distribute load and absorb impact energy through bending if optimally combined with a space inclusion. Moreover, a softer layer could enlarge the time of impact and absorb its energy by compression. We also showed that mouthguards present similar protection with either permanently bonded or mechanically interlocked components. We 3D-printed different mouthguards with commercial resins and performed impact tests to experimentally validate our simulation findings. The impact tests revealed that significantly higher dental protection could be achieved with 3D-printed configurations than conventionally fabricated customized mouthguards. In particular, the strain on the impacted incisor was attenuated around 50% more with a 3D-printed mouthguard incorporating a hard insert and space in the frontal region than a conventional Playsafe® Heavypro mouthguard. Conclusions: The protective performance of a mouthguard could be maximized by optimizing its structural and material properties to reduce the risk of sports-related dental injuries. Combining finite element simulations, additive manufacturing, and impact tests provides an efficient workflow for developing functional mouthguards with higher protectiveness and athlete comfort. We envision the future with 3D-printed custom mouthguards presenting distinct attributes in different regions that are personalized by the user based on the sport and associated harshness of the impact incidences.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Design of customized mouthguards with superior protection using digital-based technologies and impact tests

Nasrollahzadeh,

Pioletti,

Broome

2024

Preprint

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“…7,25 EVA is the preferable material for the fabrication of MTGs because of its plasticization properties and manipulation as a hot-melt adhesive, with shock resistance capacity and favorable biocompatibility. 26 When manufacturing MTG, the heating temperature should not be lower than approximately 120°C for EVA sheets. However, if the temperature exceeds 150°C, the MTG sheets can twisted, and the formability is deteriorated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several factors, such as the type of material adopted, 24 impression technique/materials, and thickness of the MTGs, affect its effectiveness and comfort 7,25 . EVA is the preferable material for the fabrication of MTGs because of its plasticization properties and manipulation as a hot‐melt adhesive, with shock resistance capacity and favorable biocompatibility 26 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of different materials for conventional and 3D‐printed models on the mechanical properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate utilized for fabricating custom‐fit mouthguards

Rondón,

Lozada,

Soares

et al. 2023

Dental Traumatology

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Background/AimThe interaction between the ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) with distinct materials utilized for obtaining dental models can affect the performance of resulting mouthguards. This study attempted to evaluate the effect of different materials for conventional (dental stone) or 3D‐printed (resin) models on EVA's physical and mechanical properties and surface characteristics.Material and MethodsEVA sheets (Bioart) were laminated over four model types: GIV, conventional Type IV dental stone model (Zhermak); ReG, resin‐reinforced Type IV dental stone model (Zero Stone); 3DnT, 3D resin printed model (Anycubic) without surface treatment; 3DT, 3D‐printed model (Anycubic) with water‐soluble gel (KY Jelly Lubricant, Johnson & Johnson) coating during post‐curing process. The EVA specimens were cut following the ISO 37‐II standard (n = 30). Shore A hardness was measured before and after plasticization on the contact (internal) or opposite (external) surfaces with the model. The breaking force (F, N), elongation (EL, mm), and ultimate tensile strength (UTS, MPa) were measured using a universal testing machine. Macro‐photography and scanning electron microscopy were adopted for classifying the EVA surface alteration. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by Tukey's test (α = .05).ResultsPlasticization significantly decreased Shore A values for the tested EVA regardless of the model type (p < .001). Higher F, El, and UTS values were verified for the EVA with 3DT and GIV models compared to ReG and 3DnT (p < .001). 3DnT models resulted in severe surface alteration and a greater reduction of the mechanical properties of the EVA.ConclusionThe interaction of EVA with 3D resin‐printed models without surface treatment or resin‐reinforced Type IV dental stone models significantly affected the physical and mechanical properties of this material. The utilization of water‐soluble gel coating during the post‐curing process of 3D resin printed models improved the mechanical properties of the EVA, similarly when this material was plasticized over conventional Type IV dental stone model.

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“…The materials used in the FDM process have the characteristics of fusibility, adhesion, stability, fluidity, low shrinkage, etc. [8,9]. When using these materials to print parts, it is necessary to consider both the characteristics of the material itself (such as melting point, strength, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of 3D Printing Process Parameters and Heat Treatment Conditions on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of PEEK Parts

et al. 2023

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Fused deposition modeling (FDM) processed Poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) materials are widely used in aerospace, automobile, biomedical, and electronics industries and other industries due to their excellent mechanical properties, thermal properties, chemical resistance, wear resistance, and biocompatibility, etc. However, the manufacture of PEEK materials and parts utilizing the FDM process faces the challenge of fine-tuning a list of process parameters and heat treatment conditions to reach the best-suiting mechanical properties and microstructures. It is non-trivial to make the selection only according to theoretical analysis while counting on a vast number of experiments is the general situation. Therefore, in this paper, the extrusion rate, filling angle, and printing orientation are investigated to adjust the mechanical properties of 3D-printed PEEK parts; then, a variety of heat treatment conditions were applied to tune the crystallinity and strength. The results show that the best mechanical performance is achieved at 1.0 times the extrusion rate, varied angle cross-fillings with ±10° intervals, and vertical printing. Horizontal printing performs better with reduced warpage. Additionally, both crystallinity and mechanical properties are significantly improved after heat treatment, and the best state is achieved after holding at 300 °C for 2 h. The resulting tensile strength is close to 80% of the strength of injection-molded PEEK parts.

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Evaluation of Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Polymeric Materials for Possible Application in Mouthguards

Cited by 13 publications

References 57 publications

Design of customized mouthguards with superior protection using digital-based technologies and impact tests

Design of customized mouthguards with superior protection using digital-based technologies and impact tests

Effect of different materials for conventional and 3D‐printed models on the mechanical properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate utilized for fabricating custom‐fit mouthguards

Effect of 3D Printing Process Parameters and Heat Treatment Conditions on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of PEEK Parts

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