E ach person responds to a certain drug or combination of drugs in a unique manner. Drug absorption, distribution, and metabolism can vary widely among individuals, even within the same family (1), and especially for drugs that act upon a receptor or are involved in some other binding event within the body. The ability to monitor a disease's progression and respond to the unique changes in the body chemistry of each patient offers an unprecedented opportunity to deliver individualized medical care. An effective approach to individualized therapy involves ascertaining a marker molecule indicative of a disease state and subsequently delivering the type and dose of drug most appropriate for treatment (2). Using chemical biosensors to determine the levels of important marker molecules may serve to guide therapeutic regimens, thereby improving drug safety and efficacy. The need for this sort of responsive, individualized therapy has been a long-held, but largely unattainable, goal. The aim of this article is to describe the progress that has been made in the field of responsive drug delivery and to discuss the challenges that still need to be addressed.