Evaluation of metallic trace elements contents in some major raw foodstuffs in Burkina Faso and health risk assessment

Abstract

Diet based on cereal, vegetables, oleaginous and dried fish are providing essential metallic elements. It can be also a source of exposure to toxic metallic elements. The aims of this study were to evaluate the contents on nine metallic trace elements (Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cr) in some major raw foodstuffs including rice, maize, peanut, tomato and dried fish in Burkina Faso and assess the health risk of these elements. Two hundred twenty-two samples were collected and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The health risk assessment was based on the United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) model. Iron and Zinc were the elements with the highest concentrations in the investigated foodstuffs. The iron highest median value (68.80 mg/kg) was observed in dried fish followed by maize (43.09 mg/kg) and peanuts (28.92 mg/kg). Rates of 77.95%, 66.66% and 32.5% obtained respectively fro tomato, maize and rice samples were above the maximum limit of lead set by Codex Alimentarius while 47.6%, 71.16% and 0% of maize, tomato and rice samples respectively have shown concentration above the maximum limit of cadmium. Chromium had shown higher contribution rate to the maximum daily intake of 167.11%, 34%, 2% and 8.53% for rice, maize and peanut respectively. A non-cancer risk situation has been observed on rice, maize and peanut consumption. None of the index risk values was above the threshold set by USEPA.

Dietary Exposure to Toxic Metals (Cd, Pb and Hg) from Cereals Marketed in Madeira and the Azores

“…Only maize is below the maximum legal limit. Similar results were observed in Burkina Faso by Bazie et al [ 32 ] where Cd was detected in 92.5% of rice samples and in 44.44% of maize samples and more than half of the samples showed Cd concentrations above the limits set by the Codex Alimentarius. The abovementioned authors reported that the population of Burkina Faso is exposed to a non-cancer risk linked to metallic trace elements associated with rice, maize and peanut consumption [ 32 ].…”

“…Similar results were observed in Burkina Faso by Bazie et al [ 32 ] where Cd was detected in 92.5% of rice samples and in 44.44% of maize samples and more than half of the samples showed Cd concentrations above the limits set by the Codex Alimentarius. The abovementioned authors reported that the population of Burkina Faso is exposed to a non-cancer risk linked to metallic trace elements associated with rice, maize and peanut consumption [ 32 ]. The results of the present study are similar to those observed in Poland where Cd was found to have values of 0.27 ± 0.03; 0.2 ± 0.01; 0.31 ± 0.01 mg Cd/kg for maize, barley, and wheat, respectively [ 33 ].…”

“…Considering the current EU legislation regulating the content of toxic metals in food for human consumption [ 5 – 7 ], 50.0% of the rye samples and 25.0% of the corn flour samples exceeded the Pb limit set for cereals (0.20 mg/kg). This hazard was also recently observed in Burkina Faso where lead was found in 82.5% of rice samples and 72.22% of maize samples and more than half of the samples had Pb concentrations above the limits set by the Codex Alimentarius [ 32 ]. In Poland, Baranowska et al [ 33 ] analysed Pb in several cereals observing even higher levels (4.56 ± 0.12; 1.56 ± 0.52; 1.05 ± 0.3 mg Pb/kg for maize, barley and wheat, respectively).…”

Deposition, Dietary Exposure and Human Health Risks of Heavy Metals in Mechanically Milled Maize Flours in Mbarara City, Uganda

“…However, dietary intake of contaminated foods can also be a major route for entry of toxic chemicals into humans. This is particularly inevitable where food safety and quality are not rigorously monitored [ 2 , 3 ]. Maintaining food safety has remained a global challenge with public health implications and huge socioeconomic consequences.…”