Evaluation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in Malagasy pig and poultry non-industrial farmers

Abstract

Introduction: The laboratory of Training and Research in Medical Biology of Madagascar conducted a cross-sectional study to estimate the rate of S. aureus nasal carriage of pig and poultry Malagasy farmers. Methodology: Pig and poultry farmers from capital town of Madagascar were selected for nasal swabs collection with information on potential risk factors for S. aureus colonization, including animal exposure. Results: Nasal swabs from 180 farmers (M/F sex ratio: 0.74), enabled isolation after culture and biochemical identification, 69 (38.33%) S. aureus strains among which 45 (25%) were methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Risk factors analysis revealed that farming duration, number of animals, direct contact with poultry, and frequent contact with manure increased risk of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage. Likewise, farm practices that imply close contact with pigs such as food distribution and pigsty washing increased risk of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage among pig farmers. Among MRSA isolates, resistance rate to other antibiotics was similar to that of MRSA isolates from the non-farmer Malagasy population. However, gentamycin resistance was noticeably higher (32.5% versus 4.44%). Conclusions: This study shows a high rate of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage with high rate of multidrug resistance among healthy people frequently in contact with animals. A strategic policy against the spread of multidrug-resistant strains is desirable in farms and veterinary areas.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage in Poultry Farmers and Poultry Slaughterers in Ouarzazate - Morocco

“…This result is related to frequent contact with poultry manure and proximity with poultry. The prevalence of S. aureus colonization in this study (48.03%) is higher compared to that reported from malagasy poultry farmers (38.88%) [11] and from nigerian poultry farmers (35%) [12]. However, this result is lower than those obtained in a study conducted at the Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Casablanca, Morocco [1], who reported a prevalence of 53.2% and 70.9% from nasal swab of cases and controls respectively.…”

“…Moreover, The prevalence of MRSA colonization (15.38%) is similar to that (14.29) reported by Kwoji et al [12]. This rate is lower compared to that found by Rasamiravaka [11]. The difference in these prevalence could be attributed to the management practices by farmers and slaughterers in the study areas, sample sizes, bacterial isolation and identification methods.…”

“…Although, other studies have shown that these variables increase this risk. [11,16]. These different results could be related to the differences of practice that exist between countries in terms of antibiotic use in livestock or to population number.…”

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Poultry Species in Algeria: Long-Term Study on Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance

“…MRSA colonization can pose an occupational risk. MRSA colonization rates of 27.78% were reported in poultry farmers in Malaysia [32]. Even in countries with a highly developed poultry industry and restriction on the use of antibiotics, such as the Netherlands, the prevalence of livestock-associated MRSA can be as high as 5.6% in specimens obtained from poultry slaughterhouse workers [33].…”

Developing new antimicrobial therapies: Are synergistic combinations of plant extracts/compounds with conventional antibiotics the solution?

“…[ 35 36 37 38 ] The dissemination of antibiotics such as β-lactams, colistin, macrolides, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones, and tetracyclines into the environment further increases the prevalence of MREs. [ 39 40 41 42 43 44 ] Depending on their solubility and polarity, antibiotics, and their metabolites may be degraded by detergents or enzymes, aggregated with sewage sludge or released into river systems. [ 45 ] Drugs present in sludge may enter agricultural systems when the sludge is used as fertilizer, while wastewater and surface water containing drugs enters the ecosystem via irrigation.…”