Evaluation of Monochloramine and Free Chlorine Penetration in a Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediment Using Microelectrodes

Liu, Hong; Wahman, David G.; Pressman, Jonathan G.

doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01189

Cited by 20 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Sediment Source and Treatment, Sample Collection and DNA Extraction. The storage tank sediment samples from a chloraminated DWDS in Louisiana analyzed in the current work originated from the end of experiments conducted and described by Liu et al 6 A 2 cm deep sediment sample was placed in a Teflon cup where water was continuously flowed over the sediment in three successive phases (Table 1). During each phase, in situ chemical profiles were measured with microelectrodes.…”

Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Drinking water sediments contain a diverse and active microbial community. 5 In a previous study by Liu et al 6 involving chemical profiling with a newly developed microelectrode technique in a chloraminated DWDS storage tank sediment, nitrifying communities used free ammonia present from chloramine formation and decay while being protected from the disinfectant. Likewise, decreasing free ammonia and increasing nitrate concentrations, with minimal nitrite accumulation, further demonstrated microbial activity and indicated complete sediment nitrification.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the investigation by Liu et al, 6 the current study investigated the microbial ecology of their sediment and correlated the measured chemical profiles with the microbial communities. It is important to understand the biotic and abiotic characteristics of these systems and the potential public health risk associated with sediment accumulation.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metagenomic Profile of Microbial Communities in a Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediment after Sequential Exposure to Monochloramine, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

et al. 2021

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Sediment accumulation in drinking water storage facilities may lead to water quality degradation, including biological growth and disinfectant decay. The current research evaluated the microbiome present in a sediment after sequential exposure to monochloramine, free chlorine, and monochloramine. Chemical profiles within the sediment based on microelectrodes showed evidence of nitrification, and monochloramine slowly penetrated the sediment but was not measurable at lower depths. A metagenomic approach was used to characterize the microbial communities and functional potential of top (0–1 cm) and bottom (1–2 cm) layers in sediment cores. Differential abundance analysis revealed both an enrichment and depletion associated with depth of microbial populations. We assembled 30 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) representing bacterial and archaeal microorganisms. Most metabolic functions were represented in both layers, suggesting the capability of the microbiomes to respond to environmental fluctuations. However, niche-specific abundance differences were identified in biotransformation processes (e.g., nitrogen). Metagenome-level analyses indicated that nitrification and denitrification can potentially occur simultaneously in the sediments, but the exact location of their occurrence within the sediment will depend on the localized physicochemical conditions. Even though monochloramine was maintained in the bulk water there was limited penetration into the sediment, and the microbial community remained functionally diverse and active.

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Section: ■ Materials and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Metagenomic Profile of Microbial Communities in a Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediment after Sequential Exposure to Monochloramine, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

et al. 2021

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“…Net consumption and production rates of H 2 S and SO 4 2− were estimated from the H 2 S and SO 4 2− concentration profiles based on Fick's second law of diffusion [27],…”

Section: Net Consumption and Production Rates Calculationmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Innovative in Situ Monitoring of Sulfate Reduction within a Wastewater Biofilm by H2S and SO42− Microsensors

Liu

Ding

2020

IJERPH

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Microelectrodes can be used to obtain chemical profiles within biofilm microenvironments. For example, sulfate (SO 4 2− ) and hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) microelectrodes can be used to study sulfate reduction activity in this context. However, there is no SO 4 2− microelectrode available for studying sulfate reduction in biofilms. In this study, SO 4 2− and H 2 S microelectrodes were fabricated and applied in the measurement of a wastewater membrane-aerated biofilm (MAB) to investigate the in situ sulfate reduction activity. Both the SO 4 2− and H 2 S microelectrodes with a tip diameter of around 20 micrometers were successfully developed and displayed satisfying selectivity to SO 4 2− and H 2 S, respectively. The Nernstian slopes of calibration curves of the fabricated SO 4 2− electrodes were close to −28.1 mV/decade, and the R 2 values were greater than 98%. Within the selected concentration range from 10 −5 M (0.96 mg/L) to 10 −2 M (960 mg/L), the response of the SO 4 2− microelectrode was log-linearly related to its concentration. The successfully fabricated SO 4 2− microelectrode was combined with the existing H 2 S microelectrode and applied on an environmental wastewater biofilm sample to investigate the sulfate reduction activity within it. The H 2 S and SO 4 2− microelectrodes showed stable responses and good performance, and the decrease of SO 4 2− with an accompanying increased of H 2 S within the biofilm indicated the in situ sulfate reduction activity. The application of combined SO 4 2− and H 2 S microelectrodes in wastewater biofilms could amend the current understanding of sulfate reduction and sulfur oxidation within environmental biofilms based on only H 2 S microelectrodes.

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“…Calibration of the O 2 microsensor was performed with N 2 and pure O 2 . Information on the fabrication and calibration of the NH 4 + -N, NO 3 − N, and NO 2 − -N microsensors can be found in [35,36].…”

Section: Microsensor Fabricationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloramine Disinfection-Induced Nitrification Activities and Their Potential Public Health Risk Indications within Deposits of a Drinking Water Supply System

Liu

Ding

2020

IJERPH

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Microsensors were applied to study the diffusion reaction and activity of a nitrogen species of deposit sediment from a drinking water supply system. Microprofiles of dissolved oxygen (DO), NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and NO2−N in the sediment indicated that the DO concentration decreased from the highest at the sediment surface to zero at the bottom of the sediment. Similarly, with the increase of depth, NH4+-N initially increased rapidly and then decreased slowly, while the concentration of NO3−-N reached a maximum at around 6000 μm and then decreased to about 0.1 mg·L−1 near the bottom of the sediment. Almost no change was observed for NO2−-N. The decrease of NH4+-N and DO corresponded well with the increase of NO3−-N. Furthermore, based on a consumption and production rate analysis, DO has always been consumed; the NH4+-N consumption rate increased rapidly within 0–1000 μm, reaching about 14 mg·L−1·S−1·10−9. A small amount of NH4+-N was produced in 2000–6000 μm, which could be attributed to denitrification activity. There was no change deeper than 6000 μm, while NO3−-N was produced at a depth between 0 and 6000 μm and was consumed in the deeper zone. At the depth of 9000 μm, the NO3−-N consumption reached a maximum of 5 mg·L−1·S−1·10−9. The consumption of DO and NH4+-N, which corresponded with the production of NO3−-N in a specific microscale range within the sediment, demonstrated nitrification and denitrification activities. In addition, the time required for the diffusion of only DO, NH4+-N, NO3−-N, and NO2−-N was estimated as 14 days; however, in the practical, even after 60 days of operation, there was still a continuous reaction, which provided further evidence towards microbial activities within the sediment.

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Evaluation of Monochloramine and Free Chlorine Penetration in a Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediment Using Microelectrodes

Cited by 20 publications

References 36 publications

Metagenomic Profile of Microbial Communities in a Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediment after Sequential Exposure to Monochloramine, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

Metagenomic Profile of Microbial Communities in a Drinking Water Storage Tank Sediment after Sequential Exposure to Monochloramine, Free Chlorine, and Monochloramine

An Innovative in Situ Monitoring of Sulfate Reduction within a Wastewater Biofilm by H2S and SO42− Microsensors

Chloramine Disinfection-Induced Nitrification Activities and Their Potential Public Health Risk Indications within Deposits of a Drinking Water Supply System

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