Evaluation of N-ethyl-N-methyl-morpholinium bromide and N-ethyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bromide as bromine complexing agents in vanadium bromide redox flow batteries

Poon, Grace; Parasuraman, Aishwarya; Lim, Tuti Mariana; Skyllas‐Kazacos, Maria

doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2013.06.084

Cited by 52 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…[179] Thee ffect of quarternary ammonium bromides (MEM-Br, MEP-Br,T BA-Br) on the half-cell reactions of V III /V II has been studied. [180] Thekinetics of Br 2 /Br À is controlled by mass transport, and neither the Thed evelopment of galvanic cells based on the reaction of vanadium and oxygen goes back to Kaneko et al in 1992. [181] In ap atent, Kaneko et al describe as ystem called aredox battery,inwhich divalent vanadium ions are oxidized at the anode to trivalent ions.Oxygen or air is reduced at the cathode with the aid of ac atalyst (Figure 9).…”

Section: à2mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

et al. 2015

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The development of various redox-flow batteries for the storage of fluctuating renewable energy has intensified in recent years because of their peculiar ability to be scaled separately in terms of energy and power, and therefore potentially to reduce the costs of energy storage. This has resulted in a considerable increase in the number of publications on redox-flow batteries. This was a motivation to present a comprehensive and critical overview of the features of this type of batteries, focusing mainly on the chemistry of electrolytes and introducing a thorough systematic classification to reveal their potential for future development.

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Section: à2mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

et al. 2015

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“…; 35,26,29 and 2, -the longer aliphatic leg of the quaternary ammonium compound was to incorporate a carboxylic acid functional group: known for improving the compound's solubility. 36,37 These criteria led to the synthesis of compounds QBr1, QBr2 and QBr3.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[23][24][25] Currently, N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium bromide (MEP) is the complexing agent of choice used in commercial zinc bromine batteries. [26][27][28] There is still nevertheless considerable interest in developing novel Q + Br x − compounds that could lead to improvements in the cycling efficiencies, kinetics, cost of materials or physical nature of complexed polybromide phase achieved. [29][30][31] Very few papers focus on the immiscible phase itself other than giving an analysis of the electrokinetics.…”

Section: Znmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Bryans

McMillan

Spicer

et al. 2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The zinc-bromine redox flow battery (RFB) is one of a very few commercially viable RFB energy storage systems capable of integration with intermittent renewable energy sources to deliver improved energy management. However, due to the volatility of the electrogenerated bromine and potential for its crossover from positive to negative electrolytes, this system requires the use of quaternary ammonium complexes (N-methyl-N-ethylpyrrolidinium, (MEP)) to capture this bromine. This produces an immiscible phase with the Br 2 which requires a complex network of pipes, pumps and automated controls to ensure access to the electroactive material during discharge. In this work, the use of novel quaternary ammonium complexes to capture the electrogenerated bromine but to keep it in the aqueous phase is examined. Three compounds, 1-(carboxymethyl) pyridine-1-ium, 1-(2-carboxymethyl)-1-methylmorpholin-1-ium and 1-(2-carboxymethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidin-1-ium, were found to successfully reduce the volume of the immiscible phase formed on complexing with the polybromide (Br x − ) whilst displaying similar enthalpy of vaporization values as that of MEP . Electrochemical analysis also revealed that these compounds did not impact on the electrode kinetics of the Br − /Br x − reaction indicating that the resulting surface film formed with these compounds behaved as a chemically modified electrode, in contrast to the surface film formed with MEP. Renewable energy features in many countries' energy agendas. Current political focus seeks to reduce carbon emissions, as agreed by the Paris Agreement, by using energy more efficiently and to have power generation from zero carbon technologies.1 Installed capacity of renewable energy sources have increased over the decade to 2014 by 175 GW for solar and by 322 GW for wind.2 This increase in capacity has impacted on the global share of energy from renewable sources (excluding hydropower) from 2.2% (2004) to 9.7% (2013) with many countries promising to accelerate their installation of these technologies in the coming years.3 However, energy supplied from renewable sources is often intermittent and can fluctuate depending on weather and location. 4,5 This creates a problem in that energy can be generated in excess or in deficit in relation to energy demand. To solve this issue, energy storage is required to balance these peaks and troughs in order to stabilize energy flow into the electrical grid. This would lead to a better management of renewable sources. 6 Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are one means of achieving large scale energy storage which can provide a more efficient link between energy production and energy demand. This type of battery system has the advantage of having a lower cost, a low level of self-discharge and is considered to have a much safer operation compared to other battery systems such as the sodium sulfur and lithium ion batteries. 7,8 Additionally, as with all batteries, it has the advantage of being more flexible and mobile in relation to pumped hydro and compressed air t...

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“…demonstrated that the addition of 0.75–0.8 M of total complexing agent (MEM+MEP) effectively traps the bromine into an oily layer that settles to the bottom of the sample bottles 3. In another study by Poon et al., electrochemical investigations of the kinetic parameters of the simulated positive half‐cell electrolyte comprising of 2.0 M V IV and 0.2 M liquid bromine showed that the electrolyte containing 0.56 M MEM and 0.19 M MEP is more stable than that containing 0.19 M MEM and 0.56 M MEP 9. In the present study, two membranes were initially evaluated in the V/Br cell in the absence of MEM+MEP under the same conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rolle und Bedeutung der Chemie im Terrorismus

Wöhrle

2014

Chemie in nserer Zeit

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Terrorismus richtet sich durch Terrororganisationen und auch terroristische Einzeltäter mit Gewaltaktionen als Druckmittel gegen die demokratisch etablierte Ordnung mit dem Ziel eines politischen oder religiösen Wandels. Im Vordergrund steht die auch weiterhin zunehmende Zahl von Anschlägen mit Explosivstoffen, die in diesem Artikel etwas eingehender behandelt werden. Auch Brandbomben bilden einen einfachen Zugang zu Anschlägen. Ein großes Gefahrenpotential wird durch das Ausbringen toxischer Chemikalien (chemische Kampfstoffe, Produkte aus der industriellen Produktion) gesehen. Dies betrifft auch die Freisetzung von radioaktiven Stoffen mit Hilfe von Explosivstoffen. Dann werden Möglichkeiten des Missbrauchs der Chemie zusammenfassend auch unter Berücksichtigung möglicher terroristischer Anschläge durch biologische und nukleare Waffen gegenübergestellt. Damit können wir uns in der Verantwortung für unser Fach besser in die Diskussion um den Terrorismus, Gefahren durch Anschläge und mögliche Vermeidungsstrategien einschalten.

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Evaluation of N-ethyl-N-methyl-morpholinium bromide and N-ethyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bromide as bromine complexing agents in vanadium bromide redox flow batteries

Cited by 52 publications

References 14 publications

The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery

Rolle und Bedeutung der Chemie im Terrorismus

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Evaluation of N-ethyl-N-methyl-morpholinium bromide and N-ethyl-N-methyl-pyrrolidinium bromide as bromine complexing agents in vanadium bromide redox flow batteries

Cited by 52 publications

References 14 publications

The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

The Chemistry of Redox‐Flow Batteries

Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr2Flow Battery

Rolle und Bedeutung der Chemie im Terrorismus

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Complexing Additives to Reduce the Immiscible Phase Formed in the Hybrid ZnBr₂Flow Battery