Evaluation of nanometer-sized zirconium oxide incorporated Al—Mg—Ga—Sn alloy as anode for alkaline aluminum batteries

High Performance and Long‐cycle Life Rechargeable Aluminum Ion Battery: Recent Progress, Perspectives and Challenges

“…Previous studies have shown that employing different Al-based alloys as anodes can overcome the aforementioned difficulties. [61,90,92,110,[121][122][123] To overcome these limitations, two different groups of researchers, Sovizi et al [110] and Afshari et al, [122] added several activator/alloying elements with a high hydrogen evolution overpotential (Sn, Ga, and Mg) to the Al anode. However, AlÀ Mg-GaÀ Sn alloy modification is required due to non-coulombic loss and low galvanic efficiency.…”

“…Solid ceramic particles in metal alloys not only provide major metallurgical benefits, such as high strength and wear resistance, but they also offer considerable economic benefits. [110,122] Zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) was considered as one of the oxide materials to alter AlÀ Mg-GaÀ Sn alloys in both studies because of its desired qualities, such as high melting point, low thermal conductivity, good thermodynamic stability, low thermal expansion, and strong resistance to thermal shock. The addition of ZrO 2 nanoparticles to Al alloys and anodes improves their metallurgical and electrochemical characteristics.…”

“…In both studies, researchers employed the stir casting process to manufacture nano-ZrO 2 -reinforced AlÀ Mg-SnÀ Ga alloys with the goal of creating high-performance anodes. Potentiodynamic polarization, EIS, and self-corrosion rate and hydrogen evolution in 3 wt.% sodium chloride solution in reference [110] and 4 mol L À 1 KOH (Figure 8) solution in reference [122] were used to characterize the reinforced alloys electrochemically. Because a fraction of the ZrO 2 nanoparticles reach the grain boundaries during alloy solidification, non-coulombic loss in these spots is suppressed, which reduces incorrect anode dissolving.…”

“…In general, metal anodes with a metal stripping/plating process may store a lot of energy. Previous studies have shown that employing different Al‐based alloys as anodes can overcome the aforementioned difficulties [61,90,92,110,121–123] . To overcome these limitations, two different groups of researchers, Sovizi et al [110] .…”

“…To overcome these limitations, two different groups of researchers, Sovizi et al [110] . and Afshari et al., [122] added several activator/alloying elements with a high hydrogen evolution overpotential (Sn, Ga, and Mg) to the Al anode. However, Al−Mg‐Ga−Sn alloy modification is required due to non‐coulombic loss and low galvanic efficiency.…”