Evaluation of NO<sub>2</sub>Measurement Methods for Indoor Air Quality Applications

Spicer, Chester W.; Kenny, Donald V.; Ward, Gerald F.; Billick, Irwin H.; Leslie, Neil P.

doi:10.1080/1073161x.1994.10467245

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…CO2 was also measured in a common room between the other two locations but generally closer to the kitchen. NO2 was inferred as the difference between NOX and NO, even though that value likely includes non-negligible amounts of nitrous acid (HONO) (Spicer et al, 1994).…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The instruments used to measure each of these parameters are noted in Table 6. The values reported for NO2 are based on the difference between measured NOX and NO, and likely include HONO (Spicer et al, 1994); for simplicity, we refer to the NO2 value reported by the instrument as NO2 throughout the remainder of this report. 1 L1=kitchen, L2=central; L3=distant.…”

Section: Air Quality Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

Singer

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Delp

et al. 2017

Building and Environment

126

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METHODS: Combustion pollutant concentrations were measured during the scripted operation of natural gas cooking burners in nine homes. In addition to a base condition of closed windows, no forced air unit (FAU) use, and no mechanical exhaust, additional experiments were conducted while operating an FAU and/or vented range hood. Test homes included a 26m 2 tworoom apartment, a 134m 2 first floor flat, and seven detached homes of 117-226m 2 . There were four single-story, four two-story and one 1.5 story homes. Cooktop use entailed boiling and simmering activities, using water as a heat sink. Oven and broiler use also were simulated. Timeresolved concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particles with diameters of 6 nm or larger (PN), carbon monoxide (CO), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were measured in the kitchen (K) and bedroom area (BR) of each home. CO2, NO, NO2, and PN data from sequential experiments were analyzed to quantify the contribution of burner use to the highest 1h and 4h time-integrated concentrations in each room.RESULTS: Four of the nine homes had kitchen 1h NO2 exceed the national ambient air quality standard (100 ppb). Two other homes had 1h NO2 exceed 50 ppb in the kitchen, and three had 1h NO2 above 50 ppb in the bedroom, suggesting substantial exposures to anyone at home when burners are used for a single substantial event. In all homes, the highest 1h kitchen PN exceeded 2 x10 5 cm -3 -h, and the highest 4h PN exceeded 3 x10 5 cm -3 -hr in all homes. The lowest 1h kitchen/bedroom ratios were 1.3-2.1 for NO in the apartment and two open floor plan homes. The largest K/BR ratios of 1h NO2 were in a two-story 1990s home retrofitted for deep energy savings: ratios in this home were 3.3 to 6.6. Kitchen 1h ratios of NO, NO2 and PN to CO2 were used to calculate fuel normalized emission factors (ng J -1 ). Range hood use substantially reduced cooking burner pollutant concentrations both in the kitchen and bedroom of several homes. A hood with large capture volume and a measured flow of 108 L/s reduced concentrations 80-95%.IMPLICATIONS: These measurements demonstrate that operation of natural gas cooking burners without venting can cause short-term kitchen concentrations of NO2 to exceed the US outdoor health standard, and can elevate concentrations of NO, NO2, and ultrafine particles throughout the home. Results are generally consistent with a recent simulation study that estimated widespread 1h NO2 exposures exceeding 100 ppb in homes that use gas burners without venting. While operating a venting range hood can greatly reduce pollutant levels from burner use (and presumably from cooking as well), performance varies widely across hoods. Increased awareness of the need to ventilate when cooking would substantially reduce in-home exposure to NO2 and ultrafine particles in California homes. Helping consumers select effective hoods, for example by publishing capture efficiency performance ratings, also would help reduce ex...

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Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Air Quality Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

Singer

Pass

Delp

et al. 2017

Building and Environment

126

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“…This technique provides for highly selective and very sensitive monitoring of these acids in air. 20 - 22 Detection limits are approximately 0.5 ppb for HONO and 50 ppt for HNO 3 .…”

Section: Dining Roommentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The signal from this instrument was corrected for nonlinear response. 20 Nitrous acid (HONO) and nitric acid (HNO 3 ) were monitored using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) tandem mass spectrometer, the TAGA 6000 manufactured by Sciex, Inc. We used a flow rate of 40 L-min 1 through 3/4 in. diameter Teflon tubing to minimize the residence time of the sample air in the tubing, thereby minimizing adsorptive loss of the acids.…”

Section: Dining Roommentioning

confidence: 99%

Transformations, Lifetimes, and Sources of NO₂, HONO, and HNO₃in Indoor Environments

et al. 1993

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“…has been used to measure HONO, for example, by the addition of to the source region in order to form the CCl 4 (HONO AE Cl)~adduct. 33 Relative gas phase acidities also support adduct formation between Br~and HOCl. Hydrobromic acid kJ (*H acid \ 1354 mol~1) has a lower dissociation energy than HOCl (*H acid \ kJ mol~1) so that proton transfer from HOCl to Br~is 1502 not expected.…”

Section: Iiid Quantifying Hocl Using Bromoform As the CI Reagent Gasmentioning

confidence: 96%

Techniques for quantifying gaseous HOCl using atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry

Foster¹,

Caldwell²,

Benter³

et al. 1999

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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HOCl is speculated to be an important intermediate in mid-latitude marine boundary layer chemistry and at high latitudes in spring-time when surface-level depletion occurs. However, techniques do not currently O 3 exist to measure HOCl in the troposphere. We demonstrate that atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API-MS) is a highly sensitive and selective technique which has promise for HOCl measurements both in laboratory systems and in Ðeld studies. While HOCl can be measured as the adduct with air as the chemical ionization (CI) reagent gas, the intensity of this adduct is (HOCl AE O 2 )s ensitive to the presence of acids and to the amount of water vapor, complicating its use for quantitative measurements. However, the addition of bromoform vapor to the corona discharge region forms bromide ions that attach to HOCl and allow its detection via the (HOCl AE Br)~adduct. The ionÈmolecule chemistry associated with the use of air or bromoform as the CI reagent gas is discussed, with particular emphasis on the e †ects of relative humidity and gas phase acid concentrations. HOCl is quantiÐed by measuring the amount of formed by its heterogeneous reaction with condensed-phase Detection limits are D3 parts per Cl 2 HCl/H 2 O. billion (ppb) using air as the CI reagent gas and D0.9 ppb using bromoform. The atmospheric implications of this work are discussed.

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Evaluation of NO₂Measurement Methods for Indoor Air Quality Applications

Cited by 32 publications

References 21 publications

Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

Transformations, Lifetimes, and Sources of NO₂, HONO, and HNO₃in Indoor Environments

Techniques for quantifying gaseous HOCl using atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry

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Evaluation of NO2Measurement Methods for Indoor Air Quality Applications

Cited by 32 publications

References 21 publications

Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

Pollutant concentrations and emission rates from natural gas cooking burners without and with range hood exhaust in nine California homes

Transformations, Lifetimes, and Sources of NO2, HONO, and HNO3in Indoor Environments

Techniques for quantifying gaseous HOCl using atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry

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Evaluation of NO₂Measurement Methods for Indoor Air Quality Applications

Transformations, Lifetimes, and Sources of NO₂, HONO, and HNO₃in Indoor Environments