Evaluation of non-detonable canine training aids for explosives by headspace analysis and canine testing

DeGreeff, Lauryn E.; Katilie, Christopher K.; Sharpes, Caitlin E.; Maughan, Michele N.; Gadberry, Jenna D.; Nolan, Patrick L.; Hall, Nathaniel; Magner, Barry; Best, Eric M.; Calabrese, Emma; Whaley, Fantasia; Hammond, Mark; Buckley, Patricia E.

doi:10.1016/j.forc.2024.100553

Cited by 2 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Also, the TATP POCR was especially apt to the current study because it releases TATP at a consistent rate over time (0.04717 ± 0.001779 μg/min) [16], and its function is well understood. It produces similar inter-and intra-batch quantities of TATP [10,16], especially when compared to other TATP commercial aids [10]. Thus, the TATP POCR had reliable controls for comparison following exposure to the tested variables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…This same phenomenon was observed for two tested commercial aids (results provided in Tables S1 and S2), suggesting that regardless of the matrix, the longevity of a TATP training aid will be shortened by constant air flow. Further comparisons of the TATP POCR to these other aids may be found in Simon 2022 [4] and DeGreeff et al 2024 [10]. Users of TATP alternative training aids should therefore be aware that aids used in areas with high natural or conducive air flow will deplete faster than those used in stagnant areas.…”

Section: Environmental Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The headspace components and longevity of many alternative canine training aids for TATP were compared in Simon 2022 [4] and DeGreeff et al 2024 [10]. Simon 2022 [4] explored eight TATP training aids, while DeGreeff et al 2024 [10] studied six. Wilhelm et al [11], Oxley [12], and Jeunieau et al [13] have also explored the headspace of other, non-commercial TATP alternative training aids, the first using a charcoal matrix, the second using cotton, and the third using filter paper.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The TATP POCR was initially developed at the U.S. National Institute for Standards and Technology and furthered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation [14,15]. Several studies have compared the headspace of the TATP POCR to the true, or neat, material [4,10,[14][15][16][17]. In particular, the effects of the polymer matrix on the volatilization of TATP have been measured [17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards maintaining canine training aid integrity: Effects of environmental factors and operational use on the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release system

Cropper,

Riley,

Simon

2024

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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There are many factors that may affect the longevity of or guide the use of canine training aids. Literature to date has mainly focused on identifying the headspace volatiles associated with training aids or odors and only minimal research exists into how different variables may alter those volatiles. The current study examines several factors affecting canine training aids: humidity, air flow, transportation, and operational deployment, using the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release canine training aid (TATP POCR) as the target. The TATP POCR is an absorption‐based canine training aid developed to be used to safely train canines to detect the odor of the explosive TATP in operational settings. Comparisons of the TATP POCR to neat TATP are made throughout the manuscript. First, humidity increased the background components of the POCR matrix, as well as the amount of TATP recovered was above the POCR. Humidity thus affected the amount of TATP detected but did not prevent detection. Second, air flow lessened the lifetime of the TATP POCR. Third, the practice of using primary and secondary containment successfully prevented contamination, cross‐contamination, and significant target loss, thereby maintaining kit integrity. Finally, the absorption of background odors from training environments was not observed. TATP headspace concentrations between a Deployed and Control POCR kit were not significantly different at time 0 (i.e., upon opening), which suggests that the operational use does not affect the function of the TATP POCR system. This information provides pivotal evidence for explosives detection canine handlers or trainers who utilize the TATP POCR.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Section: Environmental Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Towards maintaining canine training aid integrity: Effects of environmental factors and operational use on the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release system

Cropper,

Riley,

Simon

2024

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Impact of Adsorption on the Vapor Availability of Contained Explosives and Drugs

Calabrese,

Alexis,

Furton

et al. 2024

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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Detection canines are used to locate explosives, drugs, and other contraband based on the presence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with the target items, even when attempts have been made to contain them in layers of packaging. It is important to understand the extent to which different materials impact vapor availability through adsorption or absorption and therefore the ability of canines to detect target materials. This study considered how the attenuation of vapor components associated with explosives and drugs (hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), trinitrotoluene (TNT), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and cocaine) by commonly used concealment and storage materials (metal, glass, plastic, and cardboard). Adsorption/desorption affinity was measured using a quartz crystal microbalance which can measure nanogram level mass changes as vapor from an analyte is flowed over and interacts with a sensor coated in a material of interest. Headspace analysis using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry or electron capture detector (GC/MS or ECD) measured the VOCs over time as each analyte of interest was exposed to either 50 cm2 or 100 cm2 of each material. Overall, the results demonstrated that the amount of sorption and vapor suppression varies based on the material, with the greatest attenuation of analyte vapor by cardboard, followed by polystyrene, and then glass. Furthermore, it also depends on the analyte, as demonstrated by minimal sorption of TATP, particularly to polystyrene, and the compounds in HMTD having different affinities resulting in an altered vapor profile.

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Evaluation of non-detonable canine training aids for explosives by headspace analysis and canine testing

Cited by 2 publications

References 35 publications

Towards maintaining canine training aid integrity: Effects of environmental factors and operational use on the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release system

Towards maintaining canine training aid integrity: Effects of environmental factors and operational use on the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture‐and‐release system

Impact of Adsorption on the Vapor Availability of Contained Explosives and Drugs

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