Evaluation of Nutritional Ingredients, Biologically Active Materials, and Pharmacological Activities of Stropharia rugosoannulata Grown under the Bamboo Forest and in the Greenhouse

Abstract

Evaluations of the nutritional ingredients, biologically active materials, and pharmacological activities (antibacterial and antioxidant) of two types of Stropharia rugosoannulata, grown under the bamboo forest and in the greenhouse, respectively, were carried out in this study. The nutritional ingredient tests included moisture, ash, crude protein, crude fat, crude fiber, total carbohydrates, total sugar, mineral elements, vitamins, and amino acids. The biologically active material assays included total flavonoids, total polysaccharides, total triterpenoids, and reducing sugars. In addition, a broth microdilution susceptibility test was performed to evaluate antibacterial activity. The antioxidant activity was measured by ABTS+ radical scavenging, ferric-reducing power, and β-carotene bleaching assays. Results showed that two types of S. rugosoannulata were rich in protein, carbohydrate, fiber, mineral, B-group vitamins, polysaccharides, triterpenoids, and reducing sugars, with low content of fat and low Na/K ratio. Besides, they were effective in antibacterial and antioxidant activities, while S. Rugosoannulata grown under the bamboo forest was better than the greenhouse one in some respects such as higher content of protein, calcium, selenium, nicotinic acid, folic acid, polysaccharides and triterpenoids, and stronger antibacterial and antioxidant activities. They were appropriate for functional food and nutritional supplements, especially bamboo forest.

Assessment of the Quality Characteristics of Stropharia rugosoannulata Subjected to Five Different Drying Methods

“…4 showed the results of the effects of SD, RSD, HD, VFD, and MD on the mineral elements in S. rugosoannulata. It showed that all five kinds of dried samples contained K, Ca, Mg, Na, and P as major elements, and Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, and Se as trace elements, which was in agreement with previous reports [7,39]. K plays an Notes: results were expressed as means ± SE (n = 3).…”

“…Amino Acid Composition. The compositions of amino acids were determined by a reversed-phase HPLC method according to the previous report [7]. Retention data were collected with a Waters ACQUITY chromatographic system (Waters, Milford, MA, USA) including a 2414 evaporative light scattering detector.…”

“…In China, it is mainly cultivated in the northeast (Heilongjiang and Jilin provinces), southwest (Sichuan and Yunnan provinces), central (Henan and Hubei provinces), and eastern (Shandong, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces) regions. In central China, S. rugosoannulata, grown under the bamboo forests in Bo'ai County of Henan Province, has high quality, and its cultivation industry has achieved considerable economic and ecological benefits [7]. However, S. rugosoannulata is extremely susceptible to microbial spoilage and chemical deterioration due to its high content of moisture (85-95%) and polysaccharides; thus, the preservation period is limited to 2-3 days.…”

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Test, and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oils from Fresh and Dried Stropharia rugosoannulata

“…Stropharia rugosoannulata (Strophariaceae), better known as "Chisongrong" in China, is a type of precious edible mushroom recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to be cultivated in developing countries [3]. It has been reported that S. rugosoannulata is a good source of protein, fbre, amino acids, mineral elements, polysaccharides, phenols, and various biologically active substances [4] and shows important pharmacological activities such as antitumor, antihyperglycemic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and coronary heart disease preventative efects [5,6]. Terefore, S. rugosoannulata has become one of the top ten mushrooms in the international mushroom market.…”

“…Teir multidrug resistance has driven the development of research aimed at identifying new antimicrobial agents through chemical synthesis or isolation from natural products. We have reported that the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of S. rugosoannulata both showed strong antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa with MIC from 0.0625 to 1 mg/mL [4]. However, the antibacterial activity of S. rugosoannulata essential oil (SEO) has not been studied up to now.…”