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Considering the limited information on the impact of PM 2.5 content on ocular health, a follow-up study was conducted on 50 healthy adults. Samples were collected twice, once before the PM 2.5 exposure season and again after exposure. Daily PM 2.5 concentration data was gathered from Thung Satok monitoring station. All subjects completed the self-structured ocular symptom questionnaire. The concentrations of 1-OHP were determined using HPLC-FLD. Logistic regression analysis investigated the relationship between PM 2.5 toxicity and ocular symptoms. The findings revealed that daily PM 2.5 concentrations surpassed the WHO-recommended range by around threefold. Exposure to PM 2.5 significantly raised the likelihood of ocular redness (adjusted OR: 12.39, 95% CI), watering (adjusted OR: 2.56, 95% CI), and dryness (adjusted OR: 5.06, 95% CI). Additionally, these symptoms had an exposure-response relationship with increasing 1-OHP levels. Ocular symptoms worsened in frequency and severity during the high PM 2.5 season, showing a strong link to elevated PM 2.5 levels. Lymphocyte counts were also positively correlated with redness, watering, and dryness during high PM 2.5 exposure. In conclusion, our study shows that subjects exposed to higher PM 2.5 levels presented more significant ocular surface alterations.
Considering the limited information on the impact of PM 2.5 content on ocular health, a follow-up study was conducted on 50 healthy adults. Samples were collected twice, once before the PM 2.5 exposure season and again after exposure. Daily PM 2.5 concentration data was gathered from Thung Satok monitoring station. All subjects completed the self-structured ocular symptom questionnaire. The concentrations of 1-OHP were determined using HPLC-FLD. Logistic regression analysis investigated the relationship between PM 2.5 toxicity and ocular symptoms. The findings revealed that daily PM 2.5 concentrations surpassed the WHO-recommended range by around threefold. Exposure to PM 2.5 significantly raised the likelihood of ocular redness (adjusted OR: 12.39, 95% CI), watering (adjusted OR: 2.56, 95% CI), and dryness (adjusted OR: 5.06, 95% CI). Additionally, these symptoms had an exposure-response relationship with increasing 1-OHP levels. Ocular symptoms worsened in frequency and severity during the high PM 2.5 season, showing a strong link to elevated PM 2.5 levels. Lymphocyte counts were also positively correlated with redness, watering, and dryness during high PM 2.5 exposure. In conclusion, our study shows that subjects exposed to higher PM 2.5 levels presented more significant ocular surface alterations.
Objective The cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the association of ocular surface inflammation with systemic conditions in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods The study enrolled 30 SLE patients and 30 controls. Ocular symptoms were evaluated using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. Tear samples from all participants were collected for tear multi-cytokine and chemokine concentration analysis. All participants were assessed for dry eye disease (DED), including Schirmer I test, tear break-up time (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS), meibomian gland secretion (MGS), lid-parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF), corneal clarity, and symblepharon. Besides, all participants were also examined for conjunctival impression cytology to measure the density of conjunctival goblet cells (CGCs). The peripheral blood indicators from SLE patients were also collected to measure the SLE-associated autoantibody specificities and systemic inflammatory indicators. Pearson and Spearman’s analysis were uesd to examine the correlation between tear cytokines, CGCs, DED-related indicators, and systemic conditions. Results The two groups were matched for age and gender in this study. 36.67% of eyes (11 in 30) of SLE patients and 13.33% of eyes (4 in 30) of controls were diagnosed with DED. OSDI scores, abnormal TBUT percentages, CFS percentages, and DED grading were all higher in SLE patients than in control group, while density of CGCs was lower. There were no significant differences in Schirmer I test, MGS, LIPCOF, corneal clarity, and symblepharon between SLE patients and controls. The levels of tear chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 11 (CXCL11) and cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7) in patients with SLE were significantly higher than those in control group. Moreover, among SLE patients, the severity of DED and the level of tear chemokine CXCL11 were significantly positively correlated with SLE-associated autoantibody specificities. Conclusion Dry eye and tear cytokines and chemokines-mediated ocular surface inflammation persist in SLE patients and are associated with systemic conditions. Therefore, it is necessary for patients with SLE to combine systemic and ocular assessments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-024-03760-8.
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