Evaluation of Olfactory Bulb Volumes in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Study

Sayılır, Selçuk; Çullu, Neşat; Mengi, Gönen; Ekiz, Timur

doi:10.5606/archrheumatol.2019.6752

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Olfactory dysfunction is defined as a new clinical feature of RA and is considered an indicator of active disease and poor prognosis and is known to significantly negatively affect patients' quality of life. [1][2][3] Sayilir et al 15 also reported lower OB volumes in patients with RA than in the control group; these results are similar to those observed in our study. However, in our study, we additionally evaluated OS depth, as well as the association between olfactory measurements and disease duration, biological agent administration, and systemic inflammatory biomarkers (CRP, NLR, red blood cell distribution width, and the mean platelet volume).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Changes in Peripheral Olfactory Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Kültür

Muluk²,

İnal

et al. 2021

J Comput Assist Tomogr

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Objectives: We investigated olfactory bulb (OB) volumes and olfactory sulcus (OS) depths in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods:In this retrospective study, cranial magnetic resonance images of 68 adult patients were included. Group 1 consisted of 34 adult patients with RA. The control group (group 2) consisted of 34 adult patients without RA. In both groups, peripheral odor pathways (OB volumes and OS depths) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging.Results: Our results showed that the OB volumes of the RA group were significantly lower than those in the control group bilaterally ( P < 0.05). In each of the RA and control groups, the OS depth of the right side was found to be significantly higher than those on the left side ( P < 0.05). On the left side, OS depth values of RA patients who used biological agents were significantly higher than those RA patients who did not use biological agents ( P < 0.05). Correlation tests showed that there were positive correlations between OB volumes and OS depths bilaterally. In older patients with RA, bilateral OS depth values were decreased ( P < 0.05). Conclusions:Our study has shown that the peripheral olfactory pathways in patients with RA can be affected to a degree that is reflected in anatomical measurements. The use of biological agents contributes to the protection of odor functions to a certain extent. The importance of evaluating the sense of smell in patients with RA clinically and radiologically should be emphasized.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Changes in Peripheral Olfactory Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Kültür

Muluk²,

İnal

et al. 2021

J Comput Assist Tomogr

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“…IL-6 exposure enhances neurogenesis over the short term, but depletes the neural stem cell pool over the long term (40). However, a decrease in the OB volume was reported in RA (42). Therefore, it will be of interest to investigate whether the persistently elevated expression of IL-6 in the OB under arthritic conditions affects neurogenesis in the SVZ-RMS-OB, and this is a topic for future investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent IL-6 expression is induced in the olfactory bulb of arthritis model mice before the onset of arthritis

Otani

Yoshiga

Hirano

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is complicated by psychiatric symptoms. There are many reports of abnormalities in the brains of RA patients and models of arthritis. However, it is unclear when these abnormalities appear and where they are distributed. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal gene expression changes in the brains of mice with collagen-induced arthritis. Methods Mice were divided into three groups: i) collagen-induced arthritis (all mice developed arthritis on day 35): complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and type II collagen at initial immunization, and incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) and type II collagen at booster immunization; ii) C(+/-) (50% mice developed arthritis on day 35): only IFA at booster immunization; and iii) C(-/-) (no arthritis): only CFA at initial immunization and only IFA at booster immunization. Whole brains were collected at 10 stages of arthritis and divided into six sections. RT-PCR was performed using RNA extracted from the divided brains, and the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and glial markers were semi-quantified. At the same time, the arthritis score, body weight, and food and water intake were recorded and analyzed for correlation with brain gene expression. Results After booster immunization, a transient increase in ITGAM and IL-1β was observed in multiple areas. Interestingly, IL-6 was persistently expressed before the onset of arthritis in the olfactory bulb (OB), which correlated with body weight loss and decreased food intake. This characteristic change in the OB was similarly observed in the C(+/-), but not in the C(-/-). Furthermore, in the C(+/-), non-arthritis mice showed the same changes in the OB as the arthritis mice. This elevation of IL-6 persisted throughout the chronic phase to day 84. Conclusion Persistent elevation of IL-6 in the OB from the early stage of arthritis may be an important finding that might explain the neuropsychiatric pathophysiology of RA, which is present in the early stages of disease, and presents as a variety of symptoms over time. These findings also support the idea that the OB may be affected in early disease and persistently under particular peripheral immunoinflammatory conditions, as has been reported in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.

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“…IL-6 exposure enhances neurogenesis over the short term but depletes the neural stem cell pool over the long term [ 42 ]. However, decreased OB volume has been reported in patients with RA [ 44 ]. Therefore, it will be of interest to investigate whether the persistently elevated expression of IL-6 in the OB under arthritic conditions affects neurogenesis in the subventricular zone-rostral migratory stream-OB, which is a topic for future investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Bulbs in Arthritis Model Mouse Persistently Express Interleukin-6 before the Onset of Arthritis: Relationship to Food Intake

Otani,

Yoshiga,

Hirano

et al. 2023

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be comorbid with psychiatric symptoms. Brain abnormalities in RA patients and in arthritis models have been reported. However, it remains unclear when these abnormalities occur and where they are distributed. In this study, we analyzed spatiotemporal changes in gene expression in the brains of mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods Mice were divided into three groups: i) CIA (all mice developed arthritis on day 35): complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and type II collagen at initial immunization, and incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) and type II collagen at booster immunization; ii) C(+/-) (50% mice developed arthritis on day 35): only IFA at booster immunization; and iii) C(-/-) (no arthritis): only CFA at initial immunization and only IFA at booster immunization. Whole brains were collected at ten stages of arthritis and divided into six sections. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed using RNA extracted from the brain, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and glial markers was semi-quantified. Arthritis score, body weight, and food and water intakes were recorded and analyzed for correlations with brain gene expression. We also investigated the effect of interleukin-6 (IL-6) injection in the olfactory bulbs (OB) on the food intake. Results After booster immunization, a transient increase in integrin subunit α-M and IL-1β was observed in multiple areas in CIA. IL-6 is persistently expressed in the OB before the onset of arthritis, which is correlated with body weight loss and decreased food intake. This change in the OB was observed in the C(+/-) but not in the C(-/-) group. In the C(+/-) group, non-arthritic mice showed the same changes in the OB as the arthritic mice. This elevation in IL-6 levels persisted throughout the chronic phase until day 84. In addition, IL-6 injection into the OB reduced food intake. Conclusion Persistent elevation of IL-6 in the OB from the early stage of arthritis may be an important finding that might explain the neuropsychiatric pathophysiology of RA, including appetite loss, which is present in the early stages of the disease and manifests as a variety of symptoms over time.

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Evaluation of Olfactory Bulb Volumes in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Retrospective Study

Cited by 6 publications

References 17 publications

Changes in Peripheral Olfactory Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Changes in Peripheral Olfactory Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Persistent IL-6 expression is induced in the olfactory bulb of arthritis model mice before the onset of arthritis

Olfactory Bulbs in Arthritis Model Mouse Persistently Express Interleukin-6 before the Onset of Arthritis: Relationship to Food Intake

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