“…Especially, safety in school buildings is a major issue. Safety and security measures include fire extinguisher, smoke detectors, sprinkler systems, closed-circuit TV (CCTV), security guards, escape door, escape route, access control with smart cards, weapon detectors, emergency helpline, notice board, written policy prohibiting vandalism, emergency protocol poster on walls and security signs (Xu et al , 2020; Simpeh and Adisa, 2021). Additionally, the building design should support the evaporation of smoke and heat produced through accidental fires, as well as the egress of occupants during emergencies (Hassanain et al , 2022).…”