Evaluation of oxidant/antioxidant status, trace mineral levels, and erythrocyte osmotic fragility in goats naturally infected with Anaplasma ovis

Abstract

Anaplasma ovis, an arthropod-borne pathogen that infects erythrocytes, is the major cause of ovine and caprine anaplasmosis. This study was performed to assess in goats infected with A. ovis the osmotic fragility of erythrocytes, antioxidant status, and serum levels of microminerals. Blood samples were collected from 104 mixed breed goats in Ahvaz area, southwest Iran and subjected to parasitologic, hematologic, oxidant/antioxidant, and micromineral assessment. Anaplasma infection was detected in 30 samples (28.8 %) by microscopic examination of blood smears while PCR-RFLP analysis revealed infection with A. ovis in 68 samples (65.4 %). Studied animals were divided into three groups based on A. ovis infection: Uninfected goats as control group (group 1), PCR positive without parasitemia (group 2) and PCR positive with parasitemia (group 3). Hematological evaluation showed significantly increased lymphocyte and monocyte counts in Anaplasma-infected groups (group 2 and 3). A significantly lower MCHC and higher MCV were also observed in infected groups. In group 3 significant rises in erythrocyte's osmotic fragility in different salt concentrations and also in median corpuscular fragility (MCF) was seen. Evaluation of the antioxidant defense system of the erythrocytes revealed a decrease in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in group 3. There was no significant difference in serum micromineral levels between infected and uninfected animals. Overall, the observed substantial decrease in the antioxidant enzyme activities with remarkable elevated levels of erythrocyte osmotic fragility indicate high exposure of erythrocytes to oxidative damage in Anaplasma-infected goats. These results also suggest that the disturbed antioxidant defense mechanisms in caprine anaplasmosis can promote the development of anemia.

Status of Anaplasma spp. infection in domestic ruminants from Iran: A systematic review with meta-analysis

“… Microscopic Isfahan ( Noaman and Shayan, 2010a , Noaman and Shayan, 2010b , Noaman and Shayan, 2010c ) 2010 cattle 150 4 A.ovis Nested-PCR Isfahan ( Ahmadi-hamedani et al, 2012 ) 2011 goat 193 123 A.ovis PCR Gonbad& Mashhad 2011 goat 193 43 Anaplasma spp. Microscopic Gonbad& Mashhad ( Salehzadeh et al, 2011 ) 2011 cattle 200 6 A.marginale Microscopic kerman ( Jalali et al, 2013 ; Jalali et al, 2016 ) 2012 sheep 119 40 Anaplasma spp. Microscopic Ahvaz 2012 sheep 119 104 Anaplasma spp.…”

“…2 ). The highest infection was in Ahvaz (54%) ( Jalali et al, 2013 ; Khaki et al, 2015 ; Jalali et al, 2016 ), and Mashhad (46%) ( Razmi et al, 2006 ) and the lowest rate was in Hamedan (1%) ( Yousefi et al, 2017 ) and Kerman (3%) ( Salehzadeh et al, 2011 ), with a significant difference between them ( Fig. 3 and Table.…”

“…Anaplasmosis as one of the most important endemic disease in many regions of Iran and the prevalence of infection is seasonally different which, increasing in spring and summer in the northern (Mazandaran, Mashhad, Gonabad and West Azerbaijan), western (Hamedan, Ahvaz and Kurdistan) and central (Isfahan, Kerman) parts of the country ( Razmi et al, 2006 ; Ahmadi-Hamedani et al, 2009 ; Ahmadi-hamedani et al, 2012 ; Ahmadi-hamedani et al, 2014 ; Hosseini-Vasoukolaei et al, 2014 ; Noaman and Bastani, 2016 ), ( Jalali et al, 2013 ; Khaki et al, 2015 ; Jalali et al, 2016 ; Yousefi et al, 2017 ), ( Noaman and Kachouei, 2001 ; Noaman and Shayan, 2009 ; Noaman et al, 2009 ; Noaman and Shayan, 2010a , Noaman and Shayan, 2010b , Noaman and Shayan, 2010c ; Salehzadeh et al, 2011 ; Noaman, 2012 ; Noaman, 2013 ) (see Table 1 ). In Iran, because of the biodiversity of tick, variety of ecological and climate situations, anaplasmosis is highly prevalent.…”

Prevalence of Anaplasma ovis and its effects on haematology of apparently healthy Sahel goats in Maiduguri, Nigeria: A Preliminary study

“…The low prevalence of haemoparasites recorded could be due to the regular use of chemoprophylaxis and acaricides by small scale farmers or the diagnostic method used, which was based on the identification of Anaplasma ovis on Giemsa stained blood smears. This method is less sensitive in the detection of carriers with low levels or no evidences of parasitaemia (Jalali et al, 2016;Nasreen et al, 2016). Thus the prevalence of Anaplasma ovis in the study area is likely much higher than that detected in this study (Atif et al, 2012;Jalali et al, 2016).…”

“…This method is less sensitive in the detection of carriers with low levels or no evidences of parasitaemia (Jalali et al, 2016;Nasreen et al, 2016). Thus the prevalence of Anaplasma ovis in the study area is likely much higher than that detected in this study (Atif et al, 2012;Jalali et al, 2016). The prevalence was higher in the male Sahel goats than in the female.…”