Evaluation of pain and stress in three-week old piglets in relation to route of vaccine administration

Scollo, A.; Minervini, Serena; Galli, Maria Costanza; Cevidalli, Alberto; Bortoletto, Giacomo; Romano, G.; Gottardo, Flaviana

doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103939

Cited by 11 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…A similar fear/pain reaction at the time of the injection was observed in sows, even though this difference between vaccination methods appear to be more apparent in sows than piglets [ 11 ]. Using a digital sound level meter and audio editing software, Scollo et al [ 10 ] reported a greater number of vocalizations emitted by piglets vaccinated IM, with a longer and more powerful peak. Altogether, these studies suggest that intradermal vaccination reduces the acute pain reaction of pigs during the injection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Göller et al [ 9 ] demonstrated that suckling piglets vaccinated intradermally showed more active behaviour and more suckling activity than intramuscularly vaccinated piglets until the day after vaccination. A recent study reported differences in piglets’ vocalizations at the moment of injection between pigs vaccinated intramuscularly and intradermally, where piglets vaccinated intramuscularly showed a greater number of vocalizations with a longer and more powerful peak [ 10 ]. Furthermore, sows vaccinated intramuscularly were more fearful two days after vaccination than sows vaccinated with a needle-free system [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…APPs have been proposed as suitable biomarkers for monitoring inflammatory response [ 13 ]. Although plasma cortisol concentration has been widely used to measure stress in farm animals, recent studies have not found significant differences in cortisol levels after vaccination [ 10 , 11 ] suggesting the importance of investigating alternative stress biomarkers to evaluate the effects of vaccination methods. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) and Chromogranin-A (CgA) have been shown to be reliable alternatives to catecholamines for monitoring the sympathetic adrenal-medullary (SAM) activity in pigs, which constitutes the initial and “fast” response to stress and pain [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Welfare Benefits of Intradermal Vaccination of Piglets

Temple

Jiménez

Escribano

et al. 2020

Animals

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Vaccination is reported as a stressful and painful event for animals. This study investigated whether needle-free intradermal vaccination improves the welfare of weaned pigs through the reduction of stress and pain biomarkers and improvement of behavioural parameters compared to traditional intramuscular injection with a needle. A total of 339 weaned piglets were allocated to 3 treatment groups: Intradermal Application of Liquids (IDAL) pigs, vaccinated against Porcine Circovirus type 2 (PCV2) by means of intradermal vaccination using a needle-free device Porcilis® PCV ID; Intramuscular (IM) pigs vaccinated against PCV2 with Porcilis® PCV intramuscularly with a needle; CONTROL pigs were managed identically but did not receive any vaccine injection. At the time of the injection, the reaction of IDAL piglets was similar to control piglets, whereas a greater percentage of piglets vaccinated intramuscularly displayed high-pitch vocalizations (7% CONTROL, 7% IDAL, 32% IM) and retreat attempts (3% CONTROL, 7% IDAL, 39% IM). The day after vaccination, IDAL piglets did not differ from the control piglets for any of the behavioural variables studied through scan samplings. IM piglets showed a lower frequency of social negative interactions (p = 0.001) and rope manipulation (p = 0.04) compared to the CONTROL group. Resting postures did not differ between treatments. At 28 h post-vaccination, IDAL piglets presented lower blood C-reactive protein levels (CONTROL = 20 μg/mL; IDAL = 39 μg/mL; IM = 83 μg/mL, p < 0.0001) and blood Haptoglobin (CONTROL = 1.8 mg/mL; IDAL = 1.9 mg/mL vs. IM = 3.1 mg/mL, p < 0.0001) compared to IM piglets. Salivary chromogranin A and alpha-amylase did not differ between treatment groups when measured 25 min post-vaccination. The method of vaccination did not affect the growth of the piglets or their rectal temperature. These results support that needle-free intradermal vaccination reduces vaccination-related pain in growing pigs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Welfare Benefits of Intradermal Vaccination of Piglets

Temple

Jiménez

Escribano

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Finally, they can ascertain whether an aversive stimulus is severe enough to cause suffering ( 19 , 20 ). On the other hand, the most used indicator of stress is the cortisol concentration ( 14 , 22 ) in some biofluids such as blood or saliva. Compared with blood sampling, saliva sampling is considered to be a noninvasive and less stressful methodology valid to assess the hypothalamic–pituitary axis activity ( 23 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intramuscular vs. Intradermic Needle-Free Vaccination in Piglets: Relevance for Animal Welfare Based on an Aversion Learning Test and Vocalizations

et al. 2021

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The aim of the present study was to compare intramuscular injection with a needle and intradermic needle-free vaccinations against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in piglets at 28 days old by studying behavioral and physiological reactions. A total of 72 piglets divided into 2 sex-balanced batches were assessed. Within each batch, the piglets were divided into three treatments, which were Hipradermic (0.2 ml of UNISTRAIN® PRRS vaccine administered with an intradermic needle-free device), Intramuscular (IM, 2.0 ml of vaccine), and Control (not vaccinated). Before the vaccination, the piglets were trained to cross a 4-m-long raceway to perform an aversion learning test. The day of vaccination, the time taken to cross the raceway was registered for each piglet at different times: prior to the vaccination and 10 min, 2, 24, 48, and 72 h after the vaccination, to measure variations in these times as signs of aversion to the vaccination process. Vocalizations, as potential signs of pain, were recorded as well at the end of this raceway to analyze their frequency (Hz), duration, and level of pressure (dB) at the moment of vaccination. Salivary cortisol, as a sign of the HPA-axis activity, was assessed 10 min after the vaccination. In addition, activity budgets, local reaction to the vaccine, and serological titer were also considered in the study. Ten minutes after the vaccination, the IM piglets took longer (p < 0.001) to cross the raceway than did the Hipradermic and Control piglets. Vocalizations were significantly different between the three treatments: the Control piglets produced vocalizations with the lowest frequency (p < 0.001) and level of pressure (p < 0.001), and IM with the highest, with Hipradermic in a significant intermediate position (p < 0.001). Accordingly, the day of the vaccination, IM and Hipradermic animals were lying on the side of the vaccine administration a greater proportion of time than were the Control piglets (10, 11, and 6%, respectively; p = 0.027). Salivary cortisol was not significantly different between treatments. The serum titer of antibodies against the PRRS was higher (p < 0.001) in both vaccinated treatments in comparison to the Control piglets. It is concluded that the Hipradermic needle-free vaccination may result in a less aversive experience in piglets than did intramuscular vaccination.

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“…Animal production in developed countries has been improved largely through direct intervention of animal welfare frameworks (e.g., 5 freedoms and 5 domains), and there has also been strong research focus in areas of pain management [ 66 , 67 ]. However, developing countries in Asia and Africa are struggling to balance animal welfare objectives with animal production and profitability and issues such as access to space and feed remains today [ 68 ] and highlighted the need for more research programs focussed on improving livestock disease management and applying education and research to improve such as lowered stress and improvements in livestock nutrition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Retrospective Literature Evaluation of the Integration of Stress Physiology Indices, Animal Welfare and Climate Change Assessment of Livestock

Narayan

Barreto

Hantzopoulou

et al. 2021

Animals

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In this retrospective study, we conducted a desktop-based analysis of published literature using the ScienceDirect™ search engine to determine the proportion of livestock research within the last 7 years (2015–2021) that have applied animal welfare assessment combining objective measures of physiological stress and evaluation of climate change factors in order to provide an account of livestock productivity. From the search results, 563 published articles were reviewed. We found that the majority of the literature had discussed animal production outcomes (n = 491) and animal welfare (n = 453) either individually or in conjunction with another topic. The most popular occurrence was the combination of animal welfare assessment, objective measures of stress physiology and production outcomes discussed collectively (n = 218). We found that only 125 articles had discussed the impact of climate change (22.20%) on livestock production and/or vice versa. Furthermore, only 9.4% (n = 53) of articles had discussed all four factors and published research was skewed towards the dairy sector. Overall, this retrospective paper highlights that although research into animal welfare assessment, objective measures of stress and climate change has been applied across livestock production systems (monogastrics and ruminants), there remains a shortfall of investigation on how these key factors interact to influence livestock production. Furthermore, emerging technologies that can boost the quantitative evaluation of animal welfare are needed for both intensive and extensive production systems.

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Evaluation of pain and stress in three-week old piglets in relation to route of vaccine administration

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Welfare Benefits of Intradermal Vaccination of Piglets

Welfare Benefits of Intradermal Vaccination of Piglets

Intramuscular vs. Intradermic Needle-Free Vaccination in Piglets: Relevance for Animal Welfare Based on an Aversion Learning Test and Vocalizations

A Retrospective Literature Evaluation of the Integration of Stress Physiology Indices, Animal Welfare and Climate Change Assessment of Livestock

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