Evaluation of palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst in biodiesel synthesis from crude palm oil

Ho, Wilson Wei Sheng; Ng, Hoon Kiat; Gan, Suyin; Tan, Sang Huey

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.061

Cited by 103 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…The formation of hexagonal calcium carbonate as one of the major phase was observed by XRD analysis in reused Li/CaO catalyst employed for waste cottonseed oil transesterification [57]. A palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst was developed for crude palm oil (CPO) biodiesel production [58]. The decreases in yield after each cycle were supported by the decreasing trend shown by the CaO phase concentration determined by XRD.…”

Section: Analytical Approaches For Cao/mgo Based Catalyst Activity Chmentioning

confidence: 86%

Deactivation Processes, Regeneration Conditions and Reusability Performance of CaO or MgO Based Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production—A Review

Oueda¹,

Bonzi-Coulibaly²,

Ouédraogo³

2017

MSA

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The activity of a catalyst in transestrification reaction usually declines with repeated uses and this limits the possibility to use it many times. This paper presents a review of various techniques used to evaluate the activity changes, the recycling processes for calcium and magnesium oxides based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. The activity of calcium and magnesium oxides based catalysts declines due to leaching, surface or active sites poisoning by reactant or product molecules and modification of physical aspects. Physico-chemical methods (AAS, BET, CO 2 -TPD, EDS, FTIR, ICP-AES, SEM, TG/DTA and XRD) were used to check the catalyst modification and to confirm the deactivation. When separated from the reaction mixture by filtration, the catalyst could be reused without any treatment or recycled by washing, drying or/and recalcination. Between various recycling processes for calcium and magnesium oxides based catalysts, mixed oxides showed less leaching and performed FAME or FAEE yield >90% with reusability.

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Section: Analytical Approaches For Cao/mgo Based Catalyst Activity Chmentioning

confidence: 86%

Deactivation Processes, Regeneration Conditions and Reusability Performance of CaO or MgO Based Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production—A Review

Oueda¹,

Bonzi-Coulibaly²,

Ouédraogo³

2017

MSA

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“…Conventional mixing transesterification experiments were also carried out to serve as a benchmark for the comparison of the presence and absence of ultrasound. For these experiments, a 250 mL heated three-neck round bottom flask equipped with a reflux condenser was used [20].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, they were dried in the oven (65°C for 3 h) before recalcining at 850°C for 2 h [20]. To check catalyst deactivation and leaching, determination of CaO and Ca concentrations in the catalyst after each cycle was carried out using XRD and EDS, respectively.…”

Section: Catalyst Reusability Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The wet impregnation method was used to prepare the catalyst at a fixed composition of 45 wt.% calcined CaCO 3 loaded onto palm oil mill fly ash [20]. The palm oil mill fly ash was first sieved and dried at 105°C for 24 h to eradicate all moisture.…”

Section: Catalyst Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sample was then aged for 18 h to ensure that the Ca (OH) 2 precipitated on the fly ash carrier. The removal of adhering H 2 O in the mixture was accomplished using a hot air oven at 105°C for 24 h. The dried catalyst was then calcined at temperatures of 850°C in a muffle furnace for 2 h. Sufficient catalyst was produced following the methodology described above for the entire set of single factor transesterification parametric study and characterized according to [20]. Since the parametric study was repeated thrice, three batches were made and characterization of each batch of catalyst was carried out to ensure that the quality of the prepared catalyst was consistent and up to the expected requirements.…”

Section: Catalyst Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasound‐assisted transesterification of refined and crude palm oils using heterogeneous palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide catalyst

Gan

et al. 2015

Energy Science & Engineering

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Ultrasound-assisted transesterification of refined palm oil (RPO) and crude palm oil (CPO) to produce biodiesel using a palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide (CaO) catalyst is studied in this work. The reaction time is significantly reduced from a maximum of 360 min under conventional mixing to just 30 min with the use of ultrasound. Under ultrasonic cavitation, the required catalyst loading and methanol to oil molar ratio to produce comparable yields and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) conversions as conventional mixing are lower. For RPO, the ultrasound-assisted transesterification conditions of 60% ultrasonic amplitude, 30 min reaction time, 4 wt.% catalyst loading, and 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio result in maximum biodiesel yield and FAME conversion of 85.23% and 97.02%, respectively. As for CPO, maximum biodiesel yield of 73.23% and FAME conversion of 97.04% are obtained under the same conditions with the exception of a methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1. Key physicochemical properties of the produced biodiesels are found to be within the limits set by EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751. Catalyst reusability tests indicate that the catalyst can be used up to three consecutive cycles after regeneration using methanol washing followed by recalcination at 850°C for 2 h.

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Advances in Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats

Rashid

Hazmi

2022

Biodiesel Production

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Evaluation of palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst in biodiesel synthesis from crude palm oil

Cited by 103 publications

References 38 publications

Deactivation Processes, Regeneration Conditions and Reusability Performance of CaO or MgO Based Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production—A Review

Deactivation Processes, Regeneration Conditions and Reusability Performance of CaO or MgO Based Catalysts Used for Biodiesel Production—A Review

Ultrasound‐assisted transesterification of refined and crude palm oils using heterogeneous palm oil mill fly ash supported calcium oxide catalyst

Advances in Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils and Animal Fats

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