Evaluation of pathways for release of Rift Valley fever virus into domestic ruminant livestock, ruminant wildlife, and human populations in the continental United States

Kasari, Thomas R.; Carr, Deborah A.; Lynn, Tracey V.; Weaver, J. Todd

doi:10.2460/javma.232.4.514

Cited by 70 publications

(85 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…In addition to California, Texas, New York, and Minnesota, the other states identified by pathways analysis as being at elevated risk for the introduction of RVFV are Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia (Kasari et al 2008). Evaluation of risk in these states through degree-day analysis is beyond the scope of this project; however, extrapolation from the target states suggest that the southern states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Virginia, Maryland, and South Carolina) have moderate levels of risk, as they are warm and have significant but not extremely dense livestock populations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…An exemplar for the potential establishment of RVFV in the US is West Nile virus (WNV), another arbovirus originating in Africa, which arrived in New York in 1999 and spread across North America within just a few years (Enserink 2002). A pathways analysis (Kasari et al 2008) has identified regions of the United States that are most likely to see the introduction of RVFV. The goal of this study is to use GIS and degree-day modeling to identify where and when the virus is likely to disseminate in the US after introduction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper is intended as a thought-experiment to determine the most at-risk areas for RVFV becoming established in the continental US. Analyses are conducted for five states spatially distributed across the country, four of which (California, Minnesota, New York, and Texas) are deemed to be at a high level of RVFV introduction risk through the pathways analysis (Kasari et al 2008), and the fifth (Nebraska) is a centrally located state with a large livestock industry. Not every potential risk factor is examined; notably lacking are the factors of precipitation, vector mosquito populations, and presence of suitable vector breeding habitat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A spatially explicit degree-day model of Rift Valley fever transmission risk in the continental United States

2010

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A spatially explicit degree-day model was used to evaluate the risk of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) transmission by mosquitoes to humans and livestock within five target states in the continental United States: California, Minnesota, Nebraska, New York, and Texas. A geographic information system was used to model potential virus transmission based on a 12-day moving window assessment of the extrinsic incubation period theorized for RVFV in the United States. Risk of potential virus transmission in each state was spatially evaluated on a 10-km grid using average historical daily temperature data from 1994 to 2003. The highest levels of transmission risk occur in California and Texas, with parts of these states at risk of RVFV transmission for up to 8 months per year. Northern Minnesota, central New York, and most of coastal and high-elevation California are at low to null risk. Risk of impact to the livestock industry is greatest in California, Texas, and Nebraska. A standard global climate model was used to evaluate future risk in the year 2030 in Nebraska, and showed an increase of transmission risk days from approximately 3 to 4 months per year.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A spatially explicit degree-day model of Rift Valley fever transmission risk in the continental United States

2010

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“…As described previously [46], RVFV is clearly recognized as a biothreat by The US Commission on the Prevention of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Proliferation and Terrorism [47] and several risk assessment studies have illustrated the potential spread of RVFV once introduced into Europe or the USA [48][49][50][51][52] (http://ppmq.ars.usda.gov/research/ publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=235466&pf=1) (http:// nabc.ksu.edu/assets/uploads/rift_valley_report.pdf). RVFV working groups have produced scientific opinions, threat assessments and recommended action plans (surveillance, diagnostics, vector control), for the management of RVFV including the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) [48], the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health multi-agency and university working group on RVFV (reviewed in Kasari et al [49], the USDA's Agricultural Research Service's (ARS) Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Laboratory (ABADRL) in collaboration with ARS, Center for Medical, and Veterinary Entomology and the USDA, APHIS.…”

Section: Th Eatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rift Valley Fever Virus: A Real Bioterror Threat

Mandell¹,

Flick²

2011

J Bioterr Biodef

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Rift Valley fever virus is recognized as an important bioterror and agroterror threat to Western countries including the United States. Once introduced, the virus would be readily spread by native mosquito populations and potentially become endemic. While infection often results in severe morbidity and mortality in both humans and livestock, there are currently no FDA or USDA-licensed vaccines. The development of effective countermeasures and implementing surveillance and diagnostic capabilities are critical. Ultimately, the presence of RVFV would lead to severe long-term negative impacts for healthcare, agricultural and travel economic sectors.

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“…Many mosquito species are competent vectors of the virus, including species present in North America (10-13), and stable flies and house flies are potential mechanical vectors (14). The range of competent vectors and susceptible ruminant hosts in the United States might contribute to the rapid spread and establishment of the virus if it were introduced, resulting in a significant threat to the livestock industry and public health (15,16). RVFV has been classified as a category A high-priority pathogen by the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases and is dual listed as a U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) select agent due to the high risk to the U.S. livestock industry (17).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Efficacy, Potential for Vector Transmission, and Duration of Immunity of MP-12, an Attenuated Rift Valley Fever Virus Vaccine Candidate, in Sheep

Miller

Bennett

Drolet

et al. 2015

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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dRift Valley fever virus (RVFV) causes serious disease in ruminants and humans in Africa. In North America, there are susceptible ruminant hosts and competent mosquito vectors, yet there are no fully licensed animal vaccines for this arthropod-borne virus, should it be introduced. Studies in sheep and cattle have found the attenuated strain of RVFV, MP-12, to be both safe and efficacious based on early testing, and a 2-year conditional license for use in U.S. livestock has been issued. The purpose of this study was to further determine the vaccine's potential to infect mosquitoes, the duration of humoral immunity to 24 months postvaccination, and the ability to prevent disease and viremia from a virulent challenge. Vaccination experiments conducted in sheep found no evidence of a potential for vector transmission to 4 North American mosquito species. Neutralizing antibodies were elicited, with titers of >1:40 still present at 24 months postvaccination. Vaccinates were protected from clinical signs and detectable viremia after challenge with virulent virus, while control sheep had fever and high-titered viremia extending for 5 days. Antibodies to three viral proteins (nucleocapsid N, the N-terminal half of glycoprotein GN, and the nonstructural protein from the short segment NSs) were also detected to 24 months using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. This study demonstrates that the MP-12 vaccine given as a single dose in sheep generates protective immunity to a virulent challenge with antibody duration of at least 2 years, with no evidence of a risk for vector transmission. R ift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a vector-borne Phlebovirus (Bunyaviridae) that causes a noncontagious disease of wild and domestic ruminants and a zoonotic disease of humans. The virus has a tripartite RNA genome with large (L), medium (M), and small (S) segments (1). Rift Valley fever (RVF) is typically mild or unapparent in adult ruminants but causes abortion storms and high fatality rates in neonates. In humans, the disease may be undetected or exhibited by mild fever and flu-like symptoms; however, ocular disease, meningoencephalitis (2), and hemorrhagic fever syndromes are also possible, with case fatality rates ranging from 1% to 25% (3,4). Transmission between ruminants is by mosquitoes, while in humans, infection is often acquired by direct contact with tissues and fluids from infected animals (5).RVFV was first identified in 1930 in sub-Saharan Africa where it is endemic and causes periodic epizootics (6). It has shown the capability to expand into new regions by spreading into Egypt in 1977, causing an epidemic with high morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans, and to the Arabian Peninsula in 2000-2001 (7-9). Many mosquito species are competent vectors of the virus, including species present in North America (10-13), and stable flies and house flies are potential mechanical vectors (14). The range of competent vectors and susceptible ruminant hosts in the United States might contribute to the rapid spread a...

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Evaluation of pathways for release of Rift Valley fever virus into domestic ruminant livestock, ruminant wildlife, and human populations in the continental United States

Cited by 70 publications

References 54 publications

A spatially explicit degree-day model of Rift Valley fever transmission risk in the continental United States

A spatially explicit degree-day model of Rift Valley fever transmission risk in the continental United States

Rift Valley Fever Virus: A Real Bioterror Threat

Evaluation of the Efficacy, Potential for Vector Transmission, and Duration of Immunity of MP-12, an Attenuated Rift Valley Fever Virus Vaccine Candidate, in Sheep

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