Evaluation of Phytochemicals and Bioactive Properties in Mangrove Associate Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. of Indian Sundarbans

Abstract

Suaeda monoica Forssk. ex J.F.Gmel. (Amaranthaceae), a mangrove associate and ethno-medicinal herb of Indian Sundarbans, was investigated as a promising source of bioactive compounds. Various polar and nonpolar solvent extracts of the leaf and root-shoot parts of the plant exhibited antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, allelopathic, mosquitocidal, antihaemolytic and antidiuretic potential. Moreover, to meet pharmacological requirements, the antioxidant ability of the plant was validated by both chemical and biological analyses. Extraction yield and presence of different phytochemicals like phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and saponins were compared in various solvent-extracted fractions. Principle component analysis revealed that the antioxidant property present in different extracts maintained a positive correlation with the occurrence of polyphenols (phenolics, tannins and flavonoids). Biochemical evaluation, HPLC examination and GC–MS analysis showed a differential level of the presence of various phytochemicals in different solvent extracts. In contrast to mosquitocidal, antioxidant, antihaemolytic and phytotoxic properties which were observed to be dominant in polar solvent extracts, maximum antibacterial potency was detected in nonpolar n-hexane fractions. Overall, the plant extract is nontoxic in nature and a dose amounting to 3,000 mg/kg was well tolerated by Swiss albino mice. A combination of HPLC and GC–MS analyses showed the presence of a large number of structurally diverse phytochemicals, many of which had already been reported as insecticidal, mosquitocidal, antibacterial, herbicidal, antidiuretic, antioxidant and anti-haemolytic compounds. All these findings support that the least explored traditional edible medicinal mangrove associate S.monoica is enriched with multiple bioactive molecules and may be considered as one of the richest sources of various lead molecules of pharmaceutical importance.

Phytochemical Compositions of Some Red Sea Halophyte Plants with Antioxidant and Anticancer Potentials

“…Conversely, the phenolic fractions of other halophytes are nearly inactive, while only A. ehrenbergii extract showed relatively weak activity with an IC 50 value of 28.3 μg/mL. These findings match well with the previous studies [ 48 , 49 ].…”

In Vitro Antidermatophytic and Biochemical Studies on Aqueous Extracts of Avicennia marina and Suaeda monoica Plants from the Yanbu Region

“…The selected mangrove plants were reported to contain heterogeneous mixtures of substances that were biochemically unique and might act in a synergistic or antagonistic manner to produce a wide array of novel natural products and therapeutic compounds. 15,11 The cold aqueous extract of A. marina was highly active against E. floccosum; its growth was inhibited by 79.2In contrast, C. tropicalis was least susceptible to the extract (30.5%). These results are in agreement with those of Behbahani et al (2014Behbahani et al ( , 2016, 16,17 who discovered that an aqueous extract of the mangrove plant A. marina exerted an inhibitory effect on Penicillium digitatum and P. italicum at 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/ml concentrations.…”

“…Both plants are rich in steroids, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, fatty acids, carboxylic acids, coumarins, and phenolic compounds. [11][12][13] This study was conducted to evaluate the antidermatophytic activity of cold and hot aqueous extracts of the marine medicinal plants A. marina and S. monoica against various dermatophytes and yeasts.…”

Determination of (+)-Catechin and Antioxidant Activity in Faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br) Stem Bark Infusion

“…Based on the IC50 value, antioxidant activity is divided into ve categories, namely very strong (<10 𝜇g/mL), strong (10-50 𝜇g/mL), moderately (50-100 𝜇g/mL), and weak (100-250 𝜇g/mL), and inactive (> 250 𝜇g/mL) (Roy and Dutta, 2021) . This shows that the lower the IC50 value, the higher the antioxidant activity.…”