Evaluation of Plantar Foot Sensation, Balance, Physical Performance, and Fear of Movement in Substance Use Disorders

Abstract

BACKGROUND: METHODS: RESULTS: CONCLUSIONS:

Perfusion, Stance and Plantar Pressure Asymmetries on the Human Foot in the Absence of Disease—A Pilot Study

“…Nevertheless, PVD and T2D patients are known to be prone to unfavorable ankle and knee joint modifications, likely due to compensatory changes in gait [43,44]. Gait adaptation is also a common consequence of an increase of plantar pressure asymmetries-where wide asymmetries reflect an unequal loading and mechanics of the paired feet-especially in the presence of vascular impairment [23,25,26,43,45].…”

“…Foot pathologies are known as major causes of plantar pressure modifications that accentuate those asymmetries. The upright stance relates to plantar pressure, and plantar sensory inputs influence control of stance, gait, and foot perfusion [23][24][25]. Plantar pressure is primarily related to the structure of the foot, meaning that its centre might be used as a reference for transversal (medial-lateral) and longitudinal (posterior-anterior) displacements [24][25][26], and through these to access the course of biomechanical variables with hemodynamics during movement.…”

Exercise as Medicine for People with a Substance Use Disorder: An ACSM Call to Action Statement

“…In particular, these individuals may find it difficult to adhere to current exercise testing and prescription protocols outlined for “healthy” populations ( i.e. , 150–300 min·wk −1 of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise and 2 to 3 d of muscle strengthening exercise per week) due to low “distress” tolerance, high impulsivity, fear of exacerbating chronic pain, triggering or heightening anxiety, low motivation, and impaired physical ability from years of sustained substance misuse (43–48).…”

“…Moreover, people with SUD, particularly those with cooccurring mental health disorders and/or chronic pain, may experience low self-efficacy for exercise (41,42) and may struggle to implement a structured exercise program without supervision or tailoring. In particular, these individuals may find it difficult to adhere to current exercise testing and prescription protocols outlined for "healthy" populations (i.e., 150-300 min•wk −1 of moderate-to-vigorous intensity aerobic exercise and 2 to 3 d of muscle strengthening exercise per week) due to low "distress" tolerance, high impulsivity, fear of exacerbating chronic pain, triggering or heightening anxiety, low motivation, and impaired physical ability from years of sustained substance misuse (43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48).…”