Evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in bottled water samples (non-carbonated, mineral, carbonated and carbonated flavored water) in Tehran with MSPE-GC/MS method: a health risk assessment

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are dangerous environmental compounds that are sometimes found in food. The objective of present study was to measure the level of 16 PAHs in bottled water samples (non-carbonated or drinking, mineral, carbonated and carbonated flavored water) in Tehran by using magnetic solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (MSPE/GC–MS) method. The limit of detections (LOD), limit of quantifications (LOQ) and recovery of PAH compounds were 0.010–0.210, 0.03–0.700 μg/L and 92.5–103.4%, respectively. The results showed that the mean of total PAHs in samples was 2.98 ± 1.63 µg/L and the mean of Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was 0.08 ± 0.03 µg/L, which were lower than standard level of the US-EPA (0.2 µg/L, BaP in drinking water). Also, our results showed that carbonated flavored water had maximum mean of total PAHs (4.95 ± 0.8 µg/L) and mineral water had minimum mean of total PAHs (1.24 ± 0.8 µg/L). The Monte Carlo method was applied to calculate the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) and Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) indexes. In all samples, the rank order of the estimated CDI values based on the 95 percent percentile was F > B(a)A > Ace > Fl > Na > Ph > B(b)F > B(k)F > B(a)P > P > Ac > A. The cancer risk and uncertainty analysis of 95th Percentile for bottled waters studied gave values lower permissible limit of 10−6, indicating not pose a serious concern to humans.

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Bottled Water: A New Automated Solid Phase Extraction Method and Simulation of Cancer Risk

“…The presence of PAHs may be the result of a high concentration of PAHs in water resources (12), especially in groundwater which was the main resource for the production of bottled water in this study. Moreover, it can be attributed to secondary pollution such as air particulate during wet deposition (4,38). Results were comparable to those reported by Vega et al They studied 16 PAHs in bottled water in Mexico City and found that total concentrations of PAHs ranged from 12.78 to 20.15 ng/L.…”

“…In non-automated-SPE procedure, different results have been reported according to the extraction methods. For example, the recovery of PAH compounds from bottled water was reported to range from 92.5 to 103.4% using magnetic solid-phase extraction by Sharifiarab et al (38) and it ranged from 85 to 121% by ultrasonic extraction method in a study by Ngubo et al (39). The regression analysis revealed that there was not any significant difference between recovery percentages at three spiked concentrations of PAHs including 100, 500, and 1000 ng/L (P > 0.05).…”

The dietary risk assessment of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorosulfonic acid (PFOS) in the root crops from the survey of the residue in agricultural soil and the crops

“…The hazard quotient (HQ) was calculated to evaluate the potential for non-cancer health hazards to occur from exposure to PFOA and PFOS with available non-cancer health guidelines as reference dose (RfD) (Eq. 2) [34]. RfD of PFOA and PFOS were obtained from EFSA [35].…”

Investigating the effect of type of fish and different cooking methods on the residual amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in some Iranian fish: A health risk assessment

“…In recent years, an increase in persistent organic pollutants (POP) has been observed in both terrestrial and aquatic environments. These pollutants, such as Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other compounds are among the POP, can be found in exist in water, soil and air and can enter the food chain directly or indirectly ( Moazzen et al, 2022 , Shariatifar et al, 2021 , Shariatifar et al, 2022 , Sharifiarab et al, 2022 ).…”