Evaluation of Pore Structure of Polarity-Controllable Post-Cross-Linked Adsorption Resins on the Adsorption Performance of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural in Both Single- and Ternary-Component Systems

Abstract

Development of energy and resource-efficient processes to convert sustainable agricultural and forestry waste into valuable platform compounds, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), has become an important research area for promoting a bioeconomy. However, separation and purification of 5-HMF from hydrolysate is a major challenge for its large scale industrial production. In this work, a series of novel polar-modified post-cross-linked resins were synthesized by oil/ water suspension polymerization, post-cross-linked, and amination reactions using different monomer/cross-linker ratios. Different mass percentages of toluene were also included as a porogen. The effect of pore structure on the equilibrium capacity of 5-HMF onto resins using both single and ternary-component systems was investigated. The results showed that the post-cross-linked resin with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate/divinylbenzene (at 1:4 w/w) with 100% (w/w) toluene had the largest BET surface area (1075 m 2 /g). The largest 5-HMF equilibrium capacity was 65.8 ± 1.3 mg/g in the single-component system and 57.9 ± 1.3 mg/g in the ternary-component system. Additionally, the maximum selectivity values of 5-HMF-FA and LA-FA are 26.6 and 14.2 on PCL-PDE resin with the 100% toluene mass percentage. Furthermore, the average pore diameter and BET surface areas of the resin played a significant role in the adsorption process of 5-HMF from both single-and ternary-component systems. In all, this research provides an important theoretical and practical screening method for the directed design of adsorbents for 5-HMF separation and purification.

Adsorption-Enhanced Glucan Oligomer Production from Cellulose Hydrolysis over Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymer in Molten Salt Hydrate

“…The peak for −C−Cl at 1260 cm −1 is hard to find, suggesting a sufficient Friedel−Crafts reaction occurred. 28,35 Figure 1c shows the nitrogen sorption isotherms of the HCP at 77 K. The specific BET surface area of the HCP is 1529 m 2 g −1 , and total pore volume is 0.898 cm 3 g −1 . The pore size distribution was analyzed by the BJH method and shown in Figure 1d, demonstrating the presence of micropores smaller than 2 nm in the HCP samples.…”

“…Hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCP) is a porous hydrophobic polymer that can be synthesized from vinyl chloride monomers through a two-stage process . It has been found that the HCP is capable of adsorbing 5-HMF and LA in the aqueous phase while showing a negligible adsorption capacity to glucose and xylose. , In this study, HCP was synthesized and studied in the reactive adsorption of byproducts formed during cellulose hydrolysis in the MSH of LiBr. It was found that the HCP can effectively adsorb 5-HMF and LA from the hydrolysates and largely reduce oligomer degradation, resulting in a largely improved oligomer production.…”

Insights into the Play of Novel Brønsted Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Conversion of Glucose into 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural without Additional Catalysts

“…5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is considered as one of the 12 most valuable platform chemicals, − which is also regarded as a bridge between biomass refining and petrochemical refinery, because it is a flexible intermediate for the manufacture of fine chemicals, plastics, polymers, pharmaceuticals, and liquid fuels. − Although 5-HMF offers a wide variety of applications, low yield, and product selectivity, inherent instability in acid conditions, costly catalysts, and energy-intensive separation are the key bottleneck in large-scale production. − Therefore, it is of great importance to develop a novel cost-effective method for converting carbohydrates to 5-HMF. , …”

Adsorption of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural, Levulinic Acid, Formic Acid, and Glucose Using Polymeric Resins Modified with Different Functional Groups

“…However, 5-HMF can be further rehydrated into byproducts under acidic conditions, such as LA, FA, and humins, , which results in great difficulty to separate and purify 5-HMF from such diluted and complex multicomponent systems . In the last two decades, considerable efforts have been devoted to the selection and optimization of the catalyst systems to enhance C6 sugar conversion as well as 5-HMF yields. − However, only a few investigations have been focusing on the separation of 5-HMF from such dilute aqueous solutions or hydrolysates. − Separation and recovery of 5-HMF by distillation not only requires high energy consumption but also leads to a great risk of polymerization of 5-HMF due to instability at high temperature. Vinke and Bekkum first presented selectively recovered 5-HMF from aqueous mixtures with fructose and LA using three activated carbons in terms of R0.8 A, ROX 0.8, and C-granular.…”