Evaluation of radiation protection effectivity in a cardiac angiography room using visualized scattered radiation distribution

Abstract

In this study, we devised a radiation protection tool specifically designed for healthcare professionals and students engaged in cardiac catheterization to easily monitor and evaluate scattered radiation distribution across diverse C-arm angles and arbitrary physician associated staff positions - scrub nurse, technologist positions. In this study, scattered radiation distributions in an angiography room were calculated using the Monte Carlo simulation of PHITS code. Four visualizations were performed under different C-arm angles with and without radiation protection: 1) a dose profile, 2) a 2D cross-section, 3) a 3D scattered radiation distribution, and 4) a 4D scattered radiation distribution. The simulation results detailing the scattered radiation distribution in PHITS were exported in Visualization Toolkit (vtk) format and visualized through the open-source visualization application ParaView for analysis. Visualization of the scattered dose showed that dose distribution depends on the C-arm angle and the X-ray machine output parameters (kV, mAs/second, beam filtration) which depend upon beam angulation to the patient body. When irradiating in the PA direction, the protective curtain decreased the dose by 62% at a point 80 cm from the floor, where the physician’s gonads are positioned. Placing the protection board close to the X-ray tube reduced the dose by 24% at a location 160 cm from the floor, where the lens of the eye is situated. Notably, positioning the protection board adjacent to the physician resulted in a 95.4% reduction in incident air kerma. These visualization displays can be combined to understand the spread and direction of the scattered radiation distribution and to determine where and how to operate and place radiation protection devices, accounting for the different beam angulations encountered in interventional cases. This study showed that scatter visualization could be a radiation protection teaching aid for students and medical staff in angiography rooms.