Evaluation of Radio Communication Links of 4G Systems

Ayad, Mouloud; Alkanhel, Reem; Saoudi, Kamel; Benziane, Mourad; Medjedoub, Smail; Ghoneim, Sherif S. M.

doi:10.3390/s22103923

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…This value has been chosen as a reasonable target for 5G mobile, heterogeneous networks to main good signal strength and capacity. Furthermore, as per stated in Ayad et al (2022) , values of between dBm are acceptable for this kind of application.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Hybrid computational and real data-based positioning of small cells in 5G networks

Ferreira

Barros

Neto

et al. 2023

PeerJ Computer Science

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One of the key technologies in smart cities is the use of next generation networks such as 5G networks. Mainly because this new mobile technology offers massive connections in densely populated areas in smart cities, thus playing a crucial role for numerous subscribers anytime and anywhere. Indeed, all the most important infrastructure to promote a connected world is being related to next generation networks. Specifically, the small cells transmitters is one of the 5G technologies more relevant to provide more connections and to attend the high demand in smart cities. In this article, a smart small cell positioning is proposed in the context of a smart city. The work proposal aims to do this through the development of a hybrid clustering algorithm with meta-heuristic optimizations to serve users, with real data, of a region satisfying coverage criteria. Furthermore, the problem to be solved will be the best location of the small cells, with the minimization of attenuation between the base stations and its users. The possibilities of using multi-objective optimization algorithms based on bioinspired computing, such as Flower Pollination and Cuckoo Search, will be verified. It will also be analyzed by simulation which power values would allow the continuity of the service with emphasis on three 5G spectrums used around the world: 700 MHz, 2.3 GHz and 3.5 GHz.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Hybrid computational and real data-based positioning of small cells in 5G networks

Ferreira

Barros

Neto

et al. 2023

PeerJ Computer Science

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“…The calculations indicate that as the number of terms in the series increases, the error decreases rapidly, becoming negligible when the number of series members exceeds 30, as shown in Figure 11. Figure 12 presents the relationship between the number of series terms N used and the absolute error in the calculations of function (13) using Equation (20). For example, reducing the detection and neutralization time of cyberattacks (T neutr ) on the physical data transmission channel to one second leads to a more than threefold reduction in the average data delivery time.…”

Section: Analysis Of the Results Obtainedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various methodologies are utilized to evaluate radio communication channels, as detailed in scholarly articles [13][14][15][16]. Researchers focus on the signal propagation environment and employ models such as line-of-sight propagation and the Okumura-Hata model, which is particularly suited to densely populated urban settings.…”

Section: Previous Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Model of the Process of Data Transmission over the Radio Channel of Cyber-Physical Systems

Makhmudov,

Privalov,

Privalov

et al. 2024

Mathematics

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This article introduces a refined mathematical model to evaluate the quality of mobile radio channels within cyber-physical systems, employing the topological transformation of stochastic networks. The operation of the radio channel is conceptualized as a stochastic network, enabling the derivation of critical metrics such as an equivalent function, mathematical expectation, variance, and the time distribution function of the implemented processes. The model uses the Gamma distribution for the initial distribution functions of random variables, enhancing its analytical precision. A significant advancement of this study is the development of a comprehensive model that describes the data transmission process through phases of connection establishment, information transmission, and connection maintenance. The innovative aspect of this research lies in applying an equivalent function to a stochastic network that includes a logical “AND” node with gamma-distributed incoming branches. The stochastic network presented in the article, which includes a logical “AND” node, helps to elucidate the mechanism for obtaining an equivalent function for such networks, allowing the application area of the GERT method to be expanded. This methodological enhancement extends the previously limited scope of topological transformation methods, which only applied to exponential distribution models for the timing of branch inputs. By integrating a Gamma distribution, the model simplifies the equivalent function and reduces the computational complexity required to assess the radio channel’s quality, ensuring the accuracy needed for engineering calculations. Moreover, the proposed method requires 25–40% fewer series members than the traditional Taylor series decomposition, while maintaining comparable computational complexity for the typical series members. Furthermore, the maximum absolute error in the calculations is capped at 9 × 10−3, which is well within acceptable limits for engineering purposes. Primarily designed for radio channels in cyber-physical systems, the model’s applicability extends to wireless communications, providing a valuable tool for evaluating channel efficiency and security in the face of increasing cyber threats.

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“…We start our research work with the idea that the time-domain characteristics of the waveforms emitted by mobile phones in 4G and 5G standards are somewhat different [27,28]. The time-structure and time-dynamics of these two standards can differ due to differences in the modulation and coding schemes (MCS), resource allocation methods, and frequency ranges used by each standard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exposimetric Electromagnetic Comparison of Mobile Phone Emissions: 5G versus 4G Signals Analyses by Means of Statistics and Convolutional Neural Networks Classification

Miclaus,

Deaconescu,

Vatamanu

et al. 2023

Technologies

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To gain a deeper understanding of the hotly contested topic of the non-thermal biological effects of microwaves, new metrics and methodologies need to be adopted. The direction proposed in the current work, which includes peak exposure analysis and not just time-averaged analysis, aligns well with this objective. The proposed methodology is not intended to facilitate a comparison of the general characteristics between 4G and 5G mobile communication signals. Instead, its purpose is to provide a means for analyzing specific real-life exposure conditions that may vary based on multiple parameters. A differentiation based on amplitude-time features of the 4G versus 5G signals is followed, with the aim of describing the peculiarities of a user’s exposure when he runs four types of mobile applications on his mobile phone on either of the two mobile networks. To achieve the goals, we used signal and spectrum analyzers with adequate real-time analysis bandwidths and statistical descriptions provided by the amplitude probability density (APD) function, the complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF), channel power measurements, and recorded spectrogram databases. We compared the exposimetric descriptors of emissions specific to file download, file upload, Internet video streaming, and video call usage in both 4G and 5G networks based on the specific modulation and coding schemes. The highest and lowest electric field strengths measured in the air at a 10 cm distance from the phone during emissions are indicated. The power distribution functions with the highest prevalence are highlighted and commented on. Afterwards, the capability of a convolutional neural network that belongs to the family of single-shot detectors is proven to recognize and classify the emissions with a very high degree of accuracy, enabling traceability of the dynamics of human exposure.

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Evaluation of Radio Communication Links of 4G Systems

Cited by 4 publications

References 22 publications

Hybrid computational and real data-based positioning of small cells in 5G networks

Hybrid computational and real data-based positioning of small cells in 5G networks

Mathematical Model of the Process of Data Transmission over the Radio Channel of Cyber-Physical Systems

An Exposimetric Electromagnetic Comparison of Mobile Phone Emissions: 5G versus 4G Signals Analyses by Means of Statistics and Convolutional Neural Networks Classification

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