Evaluation of red light scattering in gingival tissue – in vivo study

Alvarenga, Letícia Heineck; Ribeiro, Martha S.; Kato, Ilka Tiemy; Núñez, Silvia Cristina; Prates, Renato Araújo

doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.05.016

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Furthermore, the optical properties of the target tissue play a crucial role regarding the diffusion of light. As noted in [ 72 ], these can be identified as (a) different refraction and scattering indexes when light passes through differing media, as previously noted for trans-gingival use [ 75 ]; (b) competitive light absorbers; and (c) unevenly distributed absorbers, since the photosensitizer can lead to local “cold spots” as far as the applied irradiance is concerned [ 72 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser-Assisted aPDT Protocols in Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials in Dentistry: A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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Background: Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) has been proposed as an effective alternative method for the adjunctive treatment of all classes of oral infections. The multifactorial nature of its mechanism of action correlates with various influencing factors, involving parameters concerning both the photosensitizer and the light delivery system. This study aims to critically evaluate the recorded parameters of aPDT applications that use lasers as the light source in randomized clinical trials in dentistry. Methods: PubMed and Cochrane search engines were used to identify human clinical trials of aPDT therapy in dentistry. After applying specific keywords, additional filters, inclusion and exclusion criteria, the initial number of 7744 articles was reduced to 38. Results: Almost one-half of the articles presented incomplete parameters, whilst the others had different protocols, even with the same photosensitizer and for the same field of application. Conclusions: No safe recommendation for aPDT protocols can be extrapolated for clinical use. Further research investigations should be performed with clear protocols, so that standardization for their potential dental applications can be achieved.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, it is essential to consider that light attenuation occurs within gingival tissue. Specifically, for red light at a depth of 3 mm inside the gingival tissue, there is a 50% loss of intensity [ 75 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser-Assisted aPDT Protocols in Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials in Dentistry: A Systematic Review

et al. 2020

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“…These articles were evaluated based on the eligibility criteria of the review. Additional studies were excluded due to the following reasons: an inappropriate study design or article type in 9 studies (15,16,21–27), LLLT utilized, as an adjunct to a surgical intervention or in the supportive periodontal therapy phase in 3 studies (28–30), in vitro or in vivo animal studies utilized in 3 papers (31–33), participants with systemic diseases recruited in 3 studies (34–39), no utilization of PBM in 11 studies (40–50), and LLLT utilized either; as a mono‐therapeutic agent or in combination with aPDT in 3 studies (51–53) (inter‐reviewer agreement, κ = 1). Hence, out of 52 full text articles, 35 articles were excluded, due to the abovementioned reasons, while the remaining 17 articles were included and analyzed in the present systematic review.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation as an Adjunct to Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy in the Management of Periodontitis‐ A Systematic Review of in vivo Human Studies

Dalvi

Benedicenti

Hanna

2020

Photochem & Photobiology

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Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has anti‐inflammatory, analgesic and regenerative properties. This systematic review aimed to critically appraise the published data of in vivo human randomized clinical trials (RCTs), and present a comprehensive overview of the efficacy of PBMT, as an adjunct to the nonsurgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) in the management of periodontitis. The systematic review protocol is registered in the Prospective Register Of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (http://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/; ref CRD 42020169108). With the help of the appropriate key words, structured electronic and manual search strategies were applied to gather the relevant published data on in vivo human RCTs based on this topic. Seventeen papers that met the eligibility criteria were included in this review and subjected to a qualitative assessment. Current evidence lacks adequate information regarding the photobiomodulation (PBM) dosimetry, which is fundamental in establishing a standardized and replicable protocol for future researches. Furthermore, substantial discrepancies in the study methodology and a high risk of bias, arising from the majority of the included papers, abet to the inferior quality of these studies. Ultimately, there is an urgent necessity to conduct further well‐designed RCTs in order to determine the effectiveness of PBMT, if any, by taking into consideration the abovementioned confounding factors.

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“…In addition, due to remission and internal refraction and back transmission, there is a level of radiant exitance (energy loss) that amounts to an appreciable portion of the surface application (Figure 3). A recent in vivo study by Alvarenga et al of gingival transillumination using a 660 nm laser found that this amounted to around 50% power loss at 5 mm in depth [79]. Tissue consistency and optical transmission vary according to tissue type as well as the presence or absence of oedema, erythema and the thickness of the epidermis or the presence of any dark pigmentation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiomodulation Dose Parameters in Dentistry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2020

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Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis of published randomized controlled trials examines a possible relationship between optical spot size at surface tissue, irradiance, radiant exposure, total energy delivered, operator technique and reported clinical outcomes. Background: Clinical photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy has achieved a high level of evidence-based acceptance in the mitigation of oral mucositis associated with cancer radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and supportive clinical research in relation to orthodontic tooth movement, oral medical conditions, including burning mouth syndrome, xerostomia and lichen planus. Inconsistent outcomes have been reported not withstanding a substantial body of primary supportive research from clinical, in vitro and animal studies. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Database of Reviews and Google Scholar search engines were applied to identify human clinical trials of PBM therapy in clinical dentistry. A total of 766 articles between February 2009 and June 2020 were identified and following a full text evaluation, 38 papers with sufficient data to permit analyses are included in this investigation. Results: Following a detailed assessment of potential factors that may have an influence in clinical outcome, a clear trend is apparent associating optical spot size to a positive or negative effect. Furthermore, there is a clear difference in the reported results in relation to total energy applied, delivery techniques and optical parameters, which merits further investigation. Factorial statistical analyses identified an association between smaller optical surface applications and an overall lower level of reported clinical success in treating superficial and deeper targets, and correspondingly sub-surface larger target tissues were found to be more responsive to therapy by use of a larger optical surface spot size. Moreover, use of multiple small diameter probe applications was found to provide inconsistent results. Conclusions: Many factors can confound clinical success including variations in anatomy, site location, clinical condition and subject individuality. To achieve higher levels of predictable outcome, a mature appreciation of these factors, plus an expanded understanding of laser parametry, tissue volume and target depth to deliver an adequate dose within current recommended guidelines, is essential.

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Evaluation of red light scattering in gingival tissue – in vivo study

Cited by 15 publications

References 25 publications

Laser-Assisted aPDT Protocols in Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials in Dentistry: A Systematic Review

Laser-Assisted aPDT Protocols in Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials in Dentistry: A Systematic Review

Effectiveness of Photobiomodulation as an Adjunct to Nonsurgical Periodontal Therapy in the Management of Periodontitis‐ A Systematic Review of in vivo Human Studies

Photobiomodulation Dose Parameters in Dentistry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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