Evaluation of Refraction in a Statistically Significant Sample: Changes According to Age and Strabismus

Chiesi, Carlo; Chiesi, Laura; Cavallini, Gian Maria

doi:10.3928/01913913-20090903-04

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…10,11,12,13 Low hyperopia is prevalent in the normal population and is not considered pathological. 17 We found only 1 patient with high myopia, which is similar to the frequency observed by other authors. 1 The most frequently observed refractive error in AS was astigmatism.…”

Section: Refractionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Ophthalmic findings in Angelman syndrome

Michieletto

Bonanni

Pensiero

2011

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

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Section: Refractionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Ophthalmic findings in Angelman syndrome

Michieletto

Bonanni

Pensiero

2011

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

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“…3-5 Many diverse factors, including refractive errors (anisometropia); visual acuity factors (congenital cataracts); genetic factors (congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscle, Marfan's syndrome); brainstem pathology (Duane's syndrome); and muscle pathology (dysthyroid opthalmopathy), likely trigger a cascade of events that result in misaligned eyes. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Despite the generally accepted notion that most strabismus must be a ''brain problem,'' not much is known about how different neural structures contribute to the development and maintenance of the strabismic state. An innervational source for strabismus can be triggered by specific genetic mutations causing structural changes in cranial nerves and thereby resulting in dysinnervation and atrophy of specific extraocular muscles (generally termed as congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders), but these tend to be relatively rare.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of Cells in the Midbrain Near-Response Area in Monkeys with Strabismus

Das¹

2012

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. To investigate whether neuronal activity within the supraoculomotor area (SOA-monosynaptically connected to medial rectus motoneurons and encode vergence angle) of strabismic monkeys was correlated with the angle of horizontal misalignment and therefore helps to define the state of strabismus.METHODS. Single-cell neural activity was recorded from SOA neurons in two monkeys with exotropia as they performed eye movement tasks during monocular viewing. RESULTS.Horizontal strabismus angle varied depending on eye of fixation (dissociated horizontal deviation) and the activity of SOA cells (n ¼ 35) varied in correlation with the angle of strabismus. Both near-response (cells that showed larger firing rates for smaller angles of exotropia) and far-response (cells that showed lower firing rates for smaller angles of exotropia) cells were identified. SOA cells showed no modulation of activity with changes in conjugate eye position as tested during smooth-pursuit, thereby verifying that the responses were related to binocular misalignment. SOA cell activity was also not correlated with change in horizontal misalignment due to A-patterns of strabismus. Comparison of SOA population activity in strabismic animals and normal monkeys (described in the literature) show that both neural thresholds and neural sensitivities are altered in the strabismic animals compared with the normal animals.CONCLUSIONS. SOA cell activity is important in determining the state of horizontal strabismus, possibly by altering vergence tone in extraocular muscle. The lack of correlated SOA activity with changes in misalignment due to A/V patterns suggest that circuits mediating horizontal strabismus angle and those that mediate A/V patterns are different. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:3858-3864) DOI:10.1167/iovs.11-9145 I nfantile forms of strabismus occur in as much as 5% of all children.1-3 The exact cause of strabismus is often unknown. 3-5 Many diverse factors, including refractive errors (anisometropia); visual acuity factors (congenital cataracts); genetic factors (congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscle, Marfan's syndrome); brainstem pathology (Duane's syndrome); and muscle pathology (dysthyroid opthalmopathy), likely trigger a cascade of events that result in misaligned eyes. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] Despite the generally accepted notion that most strabismus must be a ''brain problem,'' not much is known about how different neural structures contribute to the development and maintenance of the strabismic state. An innervational source for strabismus can be triggered by specific genetic mutations causing structural changes in cranial nerves and thereby resulting in dysinnervation and atrophy of specific extraocular muscles (generally termed as congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders), but these tend to be relatively rare. 15 Pathologies that involve some sort of sensory insult during development, resulting in a cascading disruption in development of visual and oculomotor circuits and thereby misaligned eyes is more...

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“…4,5 Developmental changes in refractive error have also been confirmed by several researchers with reports of decreasing hyperopia or increasing myopia in schoolchildren. [6][7][8][9] Thus, there is a body of research that has demonstrated continuing visual development in acuity and refraction in school-aged children.…”

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confidence: 99%

Development of Visual Acuity in Children: Assessing the Contributions of Cognition and Age in LEA Chart Acuity Readings

Myklebust¹,

Riddell

2021

Optom Vis Sci

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SIGNIFICANCEThe development of visual acuity has often been looked upon as a function of age. This study considers whether cognition might also be a predictor of acuity in children. The results indicate that cognition is a predictor of acuity and therefore should play a role in vision evaluations and developmental research.PURPOSEPrior studies have shown that changes in visual acuity in typically developing children occur beyond primary school age. However, these studies almost exclusively use chronological age as the sole predictor for visual development. Because many of the tasks used to measure acuity have a cognitive demand, it is possible that age is not the best predictor for changes in this function. The aims of this study were to explore the effect of cognition on the development of visual acuity and to compare this predictor with age.METHODSThe predictive ability of chronological age and cognition on acuity was assessed in a group of 81 typical children between 5 and 11 years old.RESULTSAnalysis of resulting trajectories showed that, although age indeed was a good predictor, development of visual acuity was equally well predicted by cognition. Moreover, partial correlations showed a strong correlation between cognition and acuity when controlling for age but no significant correlation between age and acuity when controlling for cognition.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that age alone is not the optimal determinant for the development of visual acuity in typical school-aged children, as cognition was also found to be an important predictor.

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Evaluation of Refraction in a Statistically Significant Sample: Changes According to Age and Strabismus

Cited by 6 publications

References 41 publications

Ophthalmic findings in Angelman syndrome

Ophthalmic findings in Angelman syndrome

Responses of Cells in the Midbrain Near-Response Area in Monkeys with Strabismus

Development of Visual Acuity in Children: Assessing the Contributions of Cognition and Age in LEA Chart Acuity Readings

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