Evaluation of repeated ghrelin administration on seizures, oxidative stress and neurochemical parameters in pentyleneterazole induced kindling in rats

Attenuation of Seizures, Cognitive Deficits, and Brain Histopathology by Phytochemicals of Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv (Poaceae) in Acute and Chronic Mutant Drosophila melanogaster Epilepsy Models

“…Again, the potential of our extract to modulate the brain histopathology of the mutant flies is in tandem with a review by Trojnar et al, (2002) who demonstrated novel standard antiepileptics (lamotrigine, tiagabine, and topiramate) as having neuroprotective effects on CNS morphology of epileptic animals, 138 and concurs with previous studies that reported similar neuroprotectant potential in antioxidant compounds and antiepileptic drugs on epileptic animals. 137 , 139 However, our findings contradict with findings of Qiao et al, (2000) where Vigabatrin demyelinated the brain of epileptic rats 140 indicating that antiepileptic molecules have side effects. 135 The differences and similarities between the current data and those by Trojnar et al, (2002), Qiao et al, (2000), and Cavanna et al, (2010) are striking but not surprising since antiepileptics can depict neuroprotective, neutral, or detrimental CNS activities in epileptic models.…”

“…The neuroprotective attributes of the current herb ( I. cylindrica ) are consistent with previous findings that demonstrated the phytochemicals of the herb to be possessing neuroprotective attributes on the neuropathology of rat brain cells 37 , 38 and is in tandem with previous studies that suggest plant-based nonenzymatic antioxidants notably phenols, flavonoids, chromones, and glycosides to be contributors neuroprotection on brain cell damage by the provision of significant antioxidant activities (antioxidation mechanism controls oxidative stress markers in the brain of animals) that are linked to improved brain cell biology, 37 , 39 thereby inducing anticonvulsant and antiepileptogenic pathways, 40 , 137 and alleviate cognitive deficits of animals. 41 The antiepileptic similarity of the herb compared to standard anticonvulsant (SV) indicates that the extract similar to standard antiepileptics can alleviate the bang-sensitive behaviour of Drosophila models of epilepsy by improving brain cell biology, seizure-control, and cognitive-function modulatory pathways in concurrence with previous findings.…”

“… 147 - 149 Most importantly, the potential role of natural antioxidants from plant extracts as neuroprotectants for treating and preventing neurodegenerative diseases and epilepsy has been shown in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical settings. 89 , 137 , 150 In addition, hyperactivity of the VGCs due to mutation (s) in the para gene (gain-of-function mutation in the para sodium channel gene at the para locus) in neuronal brain tissues of bang-sensitive (BS) Drosophila models of epilepsy is strongly linked to the neuropathological features of epilepsy (brain histopathology, seizures, and cognitive deficits). 15 , 16 …”

“…The current study had some limitations: it did not focus on the evaluation of the neuroprotective molecular mechanisms via the antioxidant signaling and receptor binding inhibition mechanisms, did not emphasize the gender-related differences associated with the abnormal phenotypes and effect of the herb on the phenotypes of the mutant flies, and only focused on the effect of the herb on a genetic form of epilepsy while leaving out acquired/induced convulsions like the antimuscarinic and pentylenetetrazole kindling models that are often studied 137 , 162 ; a prospective study will be conducted to assess the practical attributes of antioxidant and receptor inhibition pathways related to the neuroprotective effects of I. cylindrica root extract using bss Drosophila , other genetic models and kindling models of convulsions.…”

“…[147][148][149] Most importantly, the potential role of natural antioxidants from plant extracts as neuroprotectants for treating and preventing neurodegenerative diseases and epilepsy has been shown in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical settings. 89,137,150 In addition, hyperactivity of the VGCs due to mutation (s) in the para gene (gain-of-function mutation in the para sodium channel gene at the para locus) in neuronal brain tissues of bang-sensitive (BS) Drosophila models of epilepsy is strongly linked to the neuropathological features of epilepsy (brain histopathology, seizures, and cognitive deficits). 15,16 The brain has very high metabolic activities and is the most aerobically active organ in the body, the organ is very susceptible to oxidative stress, causing oxidative-induced brain injuries and neuronal hyperexcitability, 139 such as in bang-sensitive Drosophila and the defects can be rescued via the antioxidant pathways (feeding with neuroprotectant antioxidants), 115,139 and by treating with molecules that inhibit the VGSCs.…”