Evaluation of reproductive protection against bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine herpesvirus-1 afforded by annual revaccination with modified-live viral or combination modified-live/killed viral vaccines after primary vaccination with modified-live viral vaccine

Abstract

The objective of this study was to compare reproductive protection in cattle against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) provided by annual revaccination with multivalent modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine or multivalent combination viral (CV) vaccine containing temperature-sensitive modified-live BoHV-1 and killed BVDV when MLV vaccines were given pre-breeding to nulliparous heifers. Seventy-five beef heifers were allocated into treatment groups A (n=30; two MLV doses pre-breeding, annual revaccination with MLV vaccine), B (n=30; two MLV doses pre-breeding, annual revaccination with CV vaccine) and C (n=15; saline in lieu of vaccine). Heifers were administered treatments on days 0 (weaning), 183 (pre-breeding), 366 (first gestation), and 738 (second gestation). After first calving, primiparous cows were bred, with pregnancy assessment on day 715. At that time, 24 group A heifers (23 pregnancies), 23 group B heifers (22 pregnancies), and 15 group C heifers (15 pregnancies) were commingled with six persistently infected (PI) cattle for 16days. Ninety-nine days after PI removal, cows were intravenously inoculated with BoHV-1. All fetuses and live offspring were assessed for BVDV and BoHV-1. Abortions occurred in 3/23 group A cows, 1/22 group B cows, and 11/15 group C cows. Fetal infection with BVDV or BoHV-1 occurred in 4/23 group A offspring, 0/22 group B offspring, and 15/15 group C offspring. This research demonstrates efficacy of administering two pre-breeding doses of MLV vaccine with annual revaccination using CV vaccine to prevent fetal loss due to exposure to BVDV and BoHV-1.

A Zika Vaccine Generated Using the Chimeric Insect-Specific Binjari Virus Platform Protects against Fetal Brain Infection in Pregnant Mice

“…However, as neutralization assays are difficult to standardize and behave slightly differently depending on the specific techniques used, only broad comparisons can be made. Exceptionally high vaccine-induced neutralizing titers are not required to protect against congenital brain damage after infection of pregnant cows with bovine viral diarrhea virus (family Flaviviridae , genus Pestivirus ) [ 43 , 44 , 45 ] or infection of pregnant mothers with rubella virus [ 46 , 47 ]. Our observations thus support the contention that a ZIKV vaccine may protect against fetal brain infection, without the need to induce and maintain exceptionally high levels of neutralizing antibody titers.…”

Serological response against bovine herpesvirus and bovine viral diarrhea virus induced by commercial vaccines in Holstein heifers

“…Given this, reproductive vaccines represent an essential strategy for the control of infections caused by both BVDV and BoHV-1, in an attempt to limit losses related to lower conception rates, early embryonic death, abortions, stillbirths and birth of premature calves caused by viral infections (Walz et al 2017). Vaccination of cattle against BVDV and BoHV-1 is not yet a widespread practice in our country (Silva et al 2007b), but a large number of commercial vaccines licensed against these agents in Brazil shows a trend towards continuous use vaccination protocols associated with reproduction.…”

Bovine viral diarrhea virus: An updated American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine consensus statement with focus on virus biology, hosts, immunosuppression, and vaccination

“…While this concept is plausible, fetal protection studies using currently licensed US vaccines have demonstrated protection against BVDV1b challenge or exposure 23‐25 . However, when naïve control dams are exposed to the same number of BVDV1a, BVDV1b, and BVDV2a PI cattle, BVDV1a 23 or BVDV2a 26 could be detected most often in the resulting PI calves and fetuses, indicating that in the absence of BVDV 1a‐ or 2a‐specific immunity, there might not be a selection pressure for BVDV1b to predominate. Naïve control animals provide a population of susceptible cattle that lack any specific immunity against BVDV and demonstrate which of the viruses used to expose the dams would predominate in the case of an unprotective immune response.…”

“…A previous study and a field investigation reported reproductive losses attributed to BHV‐1 after vaccination of pregnant cattle with MLV vaccines within label recommendations 214,217 . Two randomized clinical trials evaluated the effect of revaccination of pregnant cattle with an MLV BVDV and BHV‐1 vaccine or an inactivated BVDV and temperature‐sensitive MLV BHV‐1 vaccine between 63 and 200 days of gestation 23,217 . One of the trials evaluated clinical protection provided by annual revaccination against rigorous challenge with PI cattle and intravenous BHV‐1 injection.…”