Evaluation of Salivary Melatonin Levels in HIV-positive Patients: A Historical Cohort Study

Ahmadi‐Motamayel, Fatemeh; Vaziri-Amjad, Samaneh; Goodarzi, Mohammad Taghi; Samie, Lida; Poorolajal, Jalal

doi:10.2174/1574887112666170725132528

Cited by 7 publications

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“…These results are consistent with the lack of an HIV serostatus group difference in melatonin levels as reported by Ahmadi-Motamayel and colleagues after they adjusted their group comparison for age and sex differences (Ahmadi-Motamayel et al, 2017). However, the results are not consistent with those of Nunnari and colleagues who found lower levels of melatonin in individuals with HIV versus those without HIV (Nunnari et al, 2003), nor with Wang and colleagues (Wang et al, 2014) whose results suggested that higher HIV viral activity (HIV Tat protein) would be associated with higher melatonin levels (Samikkannu et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…They found significantly lower levels of melatonin in the individuals with HIV compared to the controls (Nunnari et al., 2003). In another study, a single saliva sample was collected in the morning between 8:00 a.m. and 10 a.m. from 49 individuals with HIV and 49 controls without HIV (Ahmadi‐Motamayel et al., 2017). In that study, the group with HIV consisted of more women and was older than the controls, and not all were taking antiretroviral medications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In that study, the group with HIV consisted of more women and was older than the controls, and not all were taking antiretroviral medications. The authors reported significantly lower levels of melatonin in the individuals with HIV compared to the controls without HIV, although this group difference was no longer significant when the group comparison was adjusted for age and sex (Ahmadi‐Motamayel et al., 2017). In a third study, 96 people with HIV who were taking antiretroviral medications and considered to have advanced AIDS had a blood sample collected in the morning between 7:00 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. (Wang et al., 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overnight urinary melatonin levels in women with and without HIV: An observational cohort study

Burgess,

Weber,

Morack

et al. 2023

Brain and Behavior

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IntroductionDespite significant improvements in longevity and quality of life associated with antiretroviral therapy, individuals with HIV still suffer from a higher burden of sleep and circadian disruption and inflammatory‐based diseases than individuals without HIV. While melatonin is a hormone that has a role in sleep and circadian regulation and has anti‐inflammatory properties, the overnight concentration of the urinary melatonin metabolite has not yet been reported in people with HIV.MethodsThe aim of this study was to compare the overnight urinary melatonin metabolite levels in women aged 35–70 years with HIV (n = 151) to a well‐matched comparison group of women without HIV (n = 147). All women wore a wrist actigraphy monitor and completed daily diaries documenting sleep timing and use of medications and drugs or alcohol for 10 days. Participants collected their overnight urine near the end of the monitoring period.ResultsMelatonin levels did not differ between women with or without HIV, but more than 40% of women had low levels of melatonin. Higher body mass index predicted lower levels of melatonin, and lower levels of melatonin were associated with lower sleep efficiency as assessed with wrist actigraphy.ConclusionThese data lay the foundation for exploration of the longitudinal consequences of endogenous melatonin levels for inflammatory‐based diseases in aging women with and without HIV. Future studies should consider the use of supplemental melatonin to improve sleep in women with lower levels of melatonin.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overnight urinary melatonin levels in women with and without HIV: An observational cohort study

Burgess,

Weber,

Morack

et al. 2023

Brain and Behavior

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“…In terms of tryptophan metabolism, levels of indolepyruvate and L-tryptophan shown an upward trend with the severity of HIV disease, while indole, 3-indoleacetonitrile levels were lower in pre-AIDS and AIDS group compared to healthy control group. At the same time, AIDS and pre-AIDS groups had lower levels of phosphonoacetate and anti-inflammatory metabolites, such as vitamin B3 (niacinamide and nicotinamide riboside) ( 46 , 47 ), vitamin B6 [pyridoxine ( 48 ) and pyridoxamine ( 49 )], ectoine ( 50 ), cinnamaldehyde ( 51 ), salidroside ( 52 , 53 ), melatonin ( 54 , 55 ) and fumaric acid ( 56 ), among which niacinamide, pyridoxine, ectoine, cinnamaldehyde and salidroside exhibited a decreasing trend with the severity of disease. Furthermore, except for spermidine, levels of other biogenic amines had an upward trend with the disease severity, including polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine, N-acetylputrescine) and phenylethylamine.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The altered metabolites contributed by dysbiosis of gut microbiota are associated with microbial translocation and immune activation during HIV infection

Xie¹,

Zhou²,

Li³

et al. 2023

Front. Immunol.

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BackgroundThe immune activation caused by microbial translocation has been considered to be a major driver of HIV infection progression. The dysbiosis of gut microbiota has been demonstrated in HIV infection, but the interplay between gut microbiota and its metabolites in the pathogenesis of HIV is seldom reported.MethodsWe conducted a case-controlled study including 41 AIDS patients, 39 pre-AIDS patients and 34 healthy controls. Both AIDS group and pre-AIDS group were divided according to clinical manifestations and CD4 + T cell count. We collected stool samples for 16S rDNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis, and examined immune activation and microbial translocation for blood samples.ResultsThe pre-AIDS and AIDS groups had higher levels of microbial translocation and immune activation. There were significant differences in gut microbiota and metabolites at different stages of HIV infection. Higher abundances of pathogenic bacteria or opportunistic pathogen, as well as lower abundances of butyrate-producing bacteria and bacteria with anti-inflammatory potential were associated with HIV severity. The metabolism of tryptophan was disordered after HIV infection. Lower level of anti-inflammatory metabolites and phosphonoacetate, and higher level of phenylethylamine and polyamines were observed in HIV infection. And microbial metabolic pathways related to altered metabolites differed. Moreover, disrupted metabolites contributed by altered microbiota were found to be correlated to microbial translocation and immune activation.ConclusionsMetabolites caused by dysbiosis of gut microbiota and related metabolic function are correlated to immune activation and microbial translocation, suggesting that the effect of microbiota on metabolites is related to intestinal barrier disruption in HIV infection.

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“…It is evident that the reduced melatonin formation caused by a manipulating virus will lead to a vicious cycle of melatonin production. Reduced salivary [ 167 ] and serum melatonin levels [ 168 ] have been observed in human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) infected patients. The potential mechanisms of virus to attack mitochondrial melatonin synthesis are illustrated in the Figure 3 .…”

Section: Melatonin Synthesis: a Target Of Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting Host Defense System and Rescuing Compromised Mitochondria to Increase Tolerance against Pathogens by Melatonin May Impact Outcome of Deadly Virus Infection Pertinent to COVID-19

Tan¹,

Hardeland

2020

Molecules

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Fighting infectious diseases, particularly viral infections, is a demanding task for human health. Targeting the pathogens or targeting the host are different strategies, but with an identical purpose, i.e., to curb the pathogen’s spreading and cure the illness. It appears that targeting a host to increase tolerance against pathogens can be of substantial advantage and is a strategy used in evolution. Practically, it has a broader protective spectrum than that of only targeting the specific pathogens, which differ in terms of susceptibility. Methods for host targeting applied in one pandemic can even be effective for upcoming pandemics with different pathogens. This is even more urgent if we consider the possible concomitance of two respiratory diseases with potential multi-organ afflictions such as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and seasonal flu. Melatonin is a molecule that can enhance the host’s tolerance against pathogen invasions. Due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulatory activities, melatonin has the capacity to reduce the severity and mortality of deadly virus infections including COVID-19. Melatonin is synthesized and functions in mitochondria, which play a critical role in viral infections. Not surprisingly, melatonin synthesis can become a target of viral strategies that manipulate the mitochondrial status. For example, a viral infection can switch energy metabolism from respiration to widely anaerobic glycolysis even if plenty of oxygen is available (the Warburg effect) when the host cell cannot generate acetyl-coenzyme A, a metabolite required for melatonin biosynthesis. Under some conditions, including aging, gender, predisposed health conditions, already compromised mitochondria, when exposed to further viral challenges, lose their capacity for producing sufficient amounts of melatonin. This leads to a reduced support of mitochondrial functions and makes these individuals more vulnerable to infectious diseases. Thus, the maintenance of mitochondrial function by melatonin supplementation can be expected to generate beneficial effects on the outcome of viral infectious diseases, particularly COVID-19.

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Evaluation of Salivary Melatonin Levels in HIV-positive Patients: A Historical Cohort Study

Abstract: Salivary melatonin level as an antioxidant was lower in HIV-positive patients. Further studies are necessary to understand the exact role of melatonin in HIV-positive patients and its therapeutic effects.

Cited by 7 publications

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Overnight urinary melatonin levels in women with and without HIV: An observational cohort study

Overnight urinary melatonin levels in women with and without HIV: An observational cohort study

The altered metabolites contributed by dysbiosis of gut microbiota are associated with microbial translocation and immune activation during HIV infection

Targeting Host Defense System and Rescuing Compromised Mitochondria to Increase Tolerance against Pathogens by Melatonin May Impact Outcome of Deadly Virus Infection Pertinent to COVID-19

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