Evaluation of salt concentrations, chromogenic media and anatomical sampling sites for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs

Pletinckx, Larissa J; Bleecker, Y. De; Dewulf, Jeroen; Rasschaert, Geertrui; Goddeeris, Bruno; Man, Ingrid De

doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.07.027

Cited by 20 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Therefore, double sampling (both nares and skin) is recommended in studies dealing with the detection of MSSA carriers. Similar results have been observed for MRSA (17,32). The spa types detected in nasal and skin samples were different in 50% of the positive animals in both samples, indicating that double sampling increases the diversity of spa types found.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by Free-Living Wild Animals in Spain

Porrero

Mentaberre

Sánchez

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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eThe presence of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) was analyzed in different free-living wild animals to assess the genetic diversity and predominant genotypes on each animal species. Samples were taken from the skin and/or nares, and isolates were characterized by spa typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The proportion of MSSA carriers were 5.00, 22.93, 19.78, and 17.67% in Eurasian griffon vulture, Iberian ibex, red deer, and wild boar, respectively (P ‫؍‬ 0.057). A higher proportion of isolates (P ‫؍‬ 0.000) were recovered from nasal samples (78.51%) than skin samples (21.49%), but the 9.26% of red deer and 18.25% of wild boar would have been undetected if only nasal samples had been tested. Sixty-three different spa types were identified, including 25 new spa types. The most common were t528 (43.59%) in Iberian ibex, t548 and t11212 (15.79% and 14.04%) in red deer, and t3750 (36.11%) in wild boar. By MLST, 27 STs were detected, of which 12 had not been described previously. The most frequent were ST581 for Iberian ibex (48.72%), ST425 for red deer (29.82%), and ST2328 for wild boar (42.36%). Isolates from Eurasian griffon vulture belong to ST133. Host specificity has been observed for the most frequent spa types and STs (P ‫؍‬ 0.000). The highest resistance percentage was found against benzylpenicillin (average, 22.2%), although most of the S. aureus isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial tested. Basically, MSSA isolates were different from those MRSA isolates previously detected in the same animal species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by Free-Living Wild Animals in Spain

Porrero

Mentaberre

Sánchez

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…This risk is definitely higher in developing countries because of costs, where the CHROMagar may be used as a screening test for MRSA without follow-up confirmatory tests such as the PBP'2 latex test which detects the mecA gene responsible for methicillin resistance. For this reason, it has been recommended that with the use of MRSA-selective chromogenic agar such as CHROMagar, positive samples should be confirmed rapidly by latex agglutination with antibodies directed against PBP 2a (31–33). The 0.0% prevalence for MRSA using CHROMagar in the current study may be a true reflection of the MRSA carriage by the humans sampled because CHROMagar used in the current study and other chromogenic agar were reported to have high sensitivity (>95%) (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The possibility of management playing some role in the lack of transmission from pigs to man cannot be ignored. However, it is pertinent to mention that sampling from the anterior nares of pigs alone may have been a limitation since it was reported that the skin behind the ears was the anatomical site with the highest relative sensitivity (91.4%) for MRSA detection compared to perineum and anterior nares, with a relative sensitivity of 76.5 and 75.3%, respectively (33). Pigs have been reported to be an important reservoir of zoonotic ST 398 and CC 398 (14, 15) and human infections acquired through contact with pigs are also well documented in the literature (14, 16, 17, 35, 36, 41).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of resistance to methicillin and other antimicrobial agents amongStaphylococcus aureusstrains isolated from pigs and their human handlers in Trinidad

Gordon¹,

Marshall²,

Ramdass³

et al. 2014

Infection Ecology & Epidemiology

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BackgroundMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has emerged recently worldwide in production animals, particularly pigs and veal calves, which act as reservoirs for MRSA strains for human infection. The study determined the prevalence of MRSA and other resistant strains of S. aureus isolated from the anterior nares of pigs and human handlers on pig farms in Trinidad.MethodsIsolation of S. aureus was done by concurrently inoculating Baird-Parker agar (BPA) and Chromagar MRSA (CHROM) with swab samples and isolates were identified using standard methods. Suspect MRSA isolates from Chromagar and BPA were subjected to confirmatory test using Oxoid PBP2 latex agglutination test. The disc diffusion method was used to determine resistance to antimicrobial agents.ResultsThe frequency of isolation of MRSA was 2.1% (15 of 723) for pigs but 0.0% (0 of 72) for humans. Generally, for isolates of S. aureus from humans there was a high frequency of resistance compared with those from pigs, which had moderate resistance to the following antimicrobials: penicillin G (54.5%, 51.5%), ampicillin (59.1%, 49.5%), and streptomycin (59.1%, 37.1%), respectively. There was moderate resistance to tetracycline (36.4%, 41.2%) and gentamycin (27.2%, 23.7%) for human and pig S. aureus isolates, respectively, and low resistance to sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (4.5%, 6.2%) and norfloxacin (9.1%, 12.4%), respectively. The frequency of resistance to oxacillin by the disc method was 36.4 and 34.0% from S. aureus isolates from humans and pigs, respectively. Out of a total of 78 isolates of S. aureus from both human and pig sources that were resistant to oxacillin by the disc diffusion method, only 15 (19.2%) were confirmed as MRSA by the PBP'2 latex test kit.ConclusionsThe detection of MRSA strains in pigs, albeit at a low frequency, coupled with a high frequency of resistance to commonly used antimicrobial agents in pig and humans could have zoonotic and therapeutic implications. Finally, the diagnostic limitation of using CHROMagar and testing for oxacillin resistance by the disc diffusion method alone to determine MRSA strains without performing confirmatory tests cannot be overemphasized because the possibility of overdiagnosis of MRSA infections cannot be ignored.

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“…dry sows, farrowing, weaners, growers, and finishers). On Farm-A, to optimise sensitivity of the testing procedure, swabs from pigs were collected from the skin caudal and adjacent to the pinnae and from the external nares 31 . With the aim of determining if MRSA was present in the pigs on Farm-A, a previously described pooled sampling method was used: to detect MRSA carriage at a prevalence of at least 2% and assuming 90% test sensitivity with 95% confidence the minimum number of swabs per pool and the minimum number of pools required was calculated to be 10 and 17 respectively, using Epitools online 32 http://epitools.ausvet.com.au.…”

Section: Methods and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of highly virulent community-associated MRSA ST93 and livestock-associated MRSA ST398 between humans and pigs in Australia

Sahibzada

Abraham

Coombs

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Pigs have been recognised as a reservoir of livestock associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in Europe, Asia and North America. However, little is known about the presence and distribution of MRSA in the Australian pig population and pig industry. This study describes the presence, distribution and molecular characteristics of the human adapted Australian CA-MRSA ST93 isolated from pigs, people, and the environment within a piggery. Isolates were subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing, DNA microarray, whole genome sequencing, multi locus sequence typing, virulence and resistance gene characterization and phylogenetic analysis. MRSA were isolated from 60% (n = 52) of farm workers where 84% of isolates returned ST93 and the rest ST398. Of the thirty-one pig isolates tested further, an equal number of ST398 and ST93 (15 each) and one as ST30-V were identified. Four of six environmental isolates were identified as ST93 and two as ST398. This study has identified for the first time in Australia the occurrence of CA-MRSA ST93 and LA-MRSA ST398 amongst farm workers, pigs, and the farm environment. Comparative genome analysis indicates that ST398 is likely to have been introduced into Australia from Europe or North America. This study also reports the first linezolid resistant MRSA isolated in Australia.

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Evaluation of salt concentrations, chromogenic media and anatomical sampling sites for detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pigs

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by Free-Living Wild Animals in Spain

Carriage of Staphylococcus aureus by Free-Living Wild Animals in Spain

Frequency of resistance to methicillin and other antimicrobial agents amongStaphylococcus aureusstrains isolated from pigs and their human handlers in Trinidad

Transmission of highly virulent community-associated MRSA ST93 and livestock-associated MRSA ST398 between humans and pigs in Australia

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