Evaluation of sampling methods for the detection of
            <i>Salmonella</i>
            in broiler flocks

Skov, Marianne Nielsine; Carstensen, Bendix; N, Tornoe; Madsen, Mogens

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00715.x

Cited by 71 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Examination of individual faecal samples on a sample of pigs therefore constitutes a poorly sensitive method [12]. Similarly, environmental swabbing in broiler flocks was found to be more sensitive than individual coprology performed on a sample of animals [34]. Since ubiquitous Salmonella are resistant in the environment of the pigs, pen samples representing several individuals (between 12 to 20) appeared to be an appropriate way to assess the microbiological status of finishing pig pens or batches.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Salmonella status of market-age pigs and the pre-slaughter process on Salmonella caecal contamination at slaughter

et al. 2004

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-The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the pre-slaughter process on Salmonella caecal contamination of pigs at slaughter. An observational study was carried out in 2001 on 101 conventional farrow-to-finish pig farms. On each farm, one batch of contemporary pigs was followed from the end of the fattening period until slaughter. The Salmonella bacteriological status of the batches was assessed by environmental samples of faecal material. The serological Salmonella status was obtained on 30 individually identified market-age pigs using an indirect ELISA test. At the slaughterhouse, 25 g of caecal contents were taken from 10 of the identified pigs. Faecal and caecal material were analysed according to a classical bacteriological method. A questionnaire was designed to obtain information about the type of feeding during the fattening period (dry versus wet), the duration of fasting on the farm before leaving for the slaughterhouse, the duration of transport between the farm and the slaughterhouse, the holding time in lairage at the slaughterhouse and loading and unloading conditions on the farm and at the slaughterhouse. To assess the relationships between these factors and the Salmonella caecal status of the pigs and the batches, two logistic models were fitted at the individual and at the batch level, respectively. The first analysis was performed using a random effects logistic regression model. The second analysis was based on a cumulative logit model with a positive caecal rate classified into three classes as the outcome variable. The results showed that the Salmonella status of market-age pigs assessed on the farm either by serological or bacteriological examinations and the time spent in lairage before slaughtering played a crucial role on caecal contamination. In the light of these results, actions should be considered both on the farm and at the slaughterhouse to decrease the risk of Salmonella contamination of the caecal contents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of the Salmonella status of market-age pigs and the pre-slaughter process on Salmonella caecal contamination at slaughter

et al. 2004

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“…Sock swabs, comprising a folded section of tubegrip bandage applied over the ball of the foot of the sampler and turned four times during sampling, were first described in Denmark (Skov et al, 1999). In the USA boot swabs utilising gauze surgical shoe covers were used and found to be superior to drag swabs (Caldwell et al, 1998;McCrea et al, 2005;McCrea et al, 2008) even when the method of stepping on drag swabs was used (Buhr et al, 2007).…”

Section: Sampling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From cage flocks 5 x 200g samples were taken, thoroughly mixed and sub-sampled to provide a considerable margin for error. In non-cage flocks five pairs of boot or sock swabs were taken, based on the finding that in Danish broiler flocks this was equivalent to 300 individual faeces, each cultured as part of a 5g pool involving 60 separate cultures in total (Skov et al, 1999). This took no account of the different housing systems used for laying flocks compared with broilers, the age of the birds, number of organisms likely to be excreted (Jordan et al, 2004), or use of vaccination.…”

Section: Sampling and Test Methods Used In The Baseline Survey And Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on a quantitative estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction of Salmonella in laying hens

Andréoletti¹,

Budka²,

Bunčić³

et al. 2010

EFS2

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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Parma, Italy ABSTRACTPublic health risks of Salmonella infection in laying hens (Gallus gallus) can be associated with exposure through four different pathways: internally contaminated table eggs, externally contaminated table eggs, egg products and meat from spent hens. In relation to eggs, Salmonella Enteritidis is by far the serovar most frequently associated with human illness, and exposure through eggs that are internally contaminated with this serovar has a higher public health significance than exposure to externally contaminated eggs. A mathematical model, using reported field data from two EU Member States (MSs), suggests a linear relationship between the investigated scenarios of flock prevalence for Salmonella Enteritidis and the number of contaminated eggs that would be laid. However, the absolute public health impact of the assessed flock prevalence scenarios is highly uncertain due to lack of data on the number of contaminated eggs produced by infected flocks and on the true number of egg-related human salmonellosis cases. It is suggested that public health benefits, similar to those obtained reaching lower Salmonella flock prevalences, may be achieved by implementing controls based on more sensitive sampling protocols. Diversion of eggs from flocks that are tested positive in the EU Salmonella control programme to the production of egg products subjected to heat treatment may lead to increased health risks as heat treatment of egg products should not be considered an absolute barrier to Salmonella contamination. Fresh meat from spent laying hens might carry a higher prevalence of Salmonella than meat from broiler flocks, in particular if sourced from Salmonella-positive flocks. The quantification of under-ascertainment and underreporting of human salmonellosis cases, improving knowledge on within-flock dynamics of Salmonella and harvesting data on production of Salmonella contaminated eggs under field conditions would contribute to improving the accuracy of future quantitative estimates. KEY WORDSSalmonella, microbiological target, laying hen, eggs, quantitative microbiological risk assessment. SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on a quantitative estimate of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction of Salmonella in laying hens. In particular, EFSA was asked to assess the relative public health impact if a new target for reduction of Salmonella is set for laying hen flocks being 1% or less remaining positive for all Salmonella serovars with public health significance, compared to (1) a theoretical prevalence of 2% of flocks remaining positive for Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium, and (2) the real prevalence in 2008 to be reported by the Member States (MSs).For this task, the BIOHAZ Panel took into account data from the first year of the harmonised EUwide monitoring and control programme of Salmonella in laying hens...

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“…Boot swabs have been shown to be simple and effective for detection of Salmonella excretion in chicken flocks (Gradel et al, 2002;Skov et al, 1999) and proved superior to US-style drag swabs (Buhr et al, 2007;Caldwell et al, 1994;McCrea et al, 2006;McCrea et al, 2005;Opengart et al, 1991). Comparative sampling studies in turkey flocks confirmed the efficiency of boot swabbing ) in turkey flocks, but additional sensitivity could be gained, allowing a reduction in the number of boot swabs from five to one pair, if an additional large dust sample was taken (Arnold et al, 2009).…”

Section: Monitoring Systems In the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on an estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction ofSalmonellain turkeys

Publication¹

2012

EFSA Journal

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The quantitative contribution of turkeys and other major animal‐food sources to the burden of human salmonellosis in the European Union was estimated. A ‘Turkey Target Salmonella Attribution Model’ (TT‐SAM) based on the microbial‐subtyping approach was used. TT‐SAM includes data from 25 EU Member States, four animal‐food sources of Salmonella and 23 Salmonella serovars. The model employs 2010 EU statutory monitoring data on Salmonella in animal populations (EU baseline survey data for pigs), data on reported cases of human salmonellosis and food availability data. It estimates that 2.6 %, 10.6 %, 17.0 % and 56.8 % of the human salmonellosis cases are attributable to turkeys, broilers, laying hens (eggs) and pigs, respectively. The top‐6 serovars of fattening turkeys that contribute most to human cases are S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, S. Virchow and S. Saintpaul. Comparing the prevalence of Salmonella in turkey flocks reported in 2010 with a theoretical combined prevalence for S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium of 1 % (i.e. the transitional target), a reduction of 0.4 % in the percentage of turkey‐associated human salmonellosis cases would be achieved. However, when adjusting the combined prevalence of all serovars to 1 %, an 83.2 % reduction in the percentage of turkey‐associated human salmonellosis cases, equivalent to 2.2 % of all human salmonellosis cases, is expected. Uncertainty and data limitations are discussed, including recommendations on how these could be overcome. Vertical transmission of Salmonella as well as hatchery acquired Salmonella contamination originating from breeding stock are very important sources for Salmonella infection in turkeys, and therefore controlling Salmonella in breeding flocks as well as in rearing and fattening flocks is necessary to minimise Salmonella in turkeys at slaughter.

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Evaluation of sampling methods for the detection of Salmonella in broiler flocks

Cited by 71 publications

References 11 publications

Impact of the Salmonella status of market-age pigs and the pre-slaughter process on Salmonella caecal contamination at slaughter

Impact of the Salmonella status of market-age pigs and the pre-slaughter process on Salmonella caecal contamination at slaughter

Scientific Opinion on a quantitative estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction of Salmonella in laying hens

Scientific Opinion on an estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction ofSalmonellain turkeys

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