Evaluation of Sampson equation for LDL-C in acute coronary syndrome patients: a Chinese population-based cohort study

Li, Jiayu; Xin, Yanguo; Li, Jingye; Meng, Meng; Zhou, Li; Qiu, Hui; Chen, Hui; Li, Hongwei

doi:10.1186/s12944-022-01648-4

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In 2018, the Multi-society Cholesterol Guidelines [ 4 ] specifically recommended that the M-LDL-C equation [ 15 , 20 ] be used for low LDL-C samples but did not comment on the use of F-LDL-C equation for other types of samples. Results from this study and now many other studies [ 10 , 27 , 28 , 29 ] have clearly shown that the F-LDL-C equation does not offer any advantages over more recently developed equations for calculating LDL-C. It may take a more explicit recommendation from future US guidelines discouraging the use of the F-LDL-C equation, at least for samples with more than modest elevations in TG, before more clinical laboratories will switch their LDL-C calculation method.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Accuracy and Clinical Impact of Estimating Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol at High and Low Levels by Different Equations

et al. 2022

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New more effective lipid-lowering therapies have made it important to accurately determine Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) at both high and low levels. LDL-C was measured by the β-quantification reference method (BQ) (N = 40,346) and compared to Friedewald (F-LDL-C), Martin (M-LDL-C), extended Martin (eM-LDL-C) and Sampson (S-LDL-C) equations by regression analysis, error-grid analysis, and concordance with the BQ method for classification into different LDL-C treatment intervals. For triglycerides (TG) < 175 mg/dL, the four LDL-C equations yielded similarly accurate results, but for TG between 175 and 800 mg/dL, the S-LDL-C equation when compared to the BQ method had a lower mean absolute difference (mg/dL) (MAD = 10.66) than F-LDL-C (MAD = 13.09), M-LDL-C (MAD = 13.16) or eM-LDL-C (MAD = 12.70) equations. By error-grid analysis, the S-LDL-C equation for TG > 400 mg/dL not only had the least analytical errors but also the lowest frequency of clinically relevant errors at the low (<70 mg/dL) and high (>190 mg/dL) LDL-C cut-points (S-LDL-C: 13.5%, F-LDL-C: 23.0%, M-LDL-C: 20.5%) and eM-LDL-C: 20.0%) equations. The S-LDL-C equation also had the best overall concordance to the BQ reference method for classifying patients into different LDL-C treatment intervals. The S-LDL-C equation is both more analytically accurate than alternative equations and results in less clinically relevant errors at high and low LDL-C levels.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Accuracy and Clinical Impact of Estimating Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol at High and Low Levels by Different Equations

et al. 2022

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“…The new Sampson formula reported by Sampson et al is a better alternative for estimating LDL-C than conventional methods ( 18 ). Quite a few studies proved that Sampson's formula is more accurate than Friedewald's formula, even when TG is above 800 mg/dL ( 45 , 46 ). Given the above reasons, it is reasonable to estimate RC using the Sampson formula.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular mortality

Zhang

Zhu

et al. 2022

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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BackgroundGenetic, observational, and clinical intervention studies indicate that circulating levels of remnant cholesterol (RC) are associated with cardiovascular diseases. However, the predictive value of RC for cardiovascular mortality in the general population remains unclear.MethodsOur study population comprised 19,650 adults in the United States from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (1999–2014). RC was calculated from non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) minus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) determined by the Sampson formula. Multivariate Cox regression, restricted cubic spline analysis, and subgroup analysis were applied to explore the relationship of RC with cardiovascular mortality.ResultsThe mean age of the study cohort was 46.4 ± 19.2 years, and 48.7% of participants were male. During a median follow-up of 93 months, 382 (1.9%) cardiovascular deaths occurred. In a fully adjusted Cox regression model, log RC was significantly associated with cardiovascular mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 2.82; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–6.81]. The restricted cubic spline curve indicated that log RC had a linear association with cardiovascular mortality (p for non-linearity = 0.899). People with higher LDL-C (≥130 mg/dL), higher RC [≥25.7/23.7 mg/dL in males/females corresponding to the LDL-C clinical cutoff point (130 mg/dL)] and abnormal HDL-C (<40/50 mg/dL in males/females) levels had a higher risk of cardiovascular mortality (HR 2.18; 95% CI 1.13–4.21 in males and HR 2.19; 95% CI 1.24–3.88 in females) than the reference group (lower LDL-C, lower RC and normal HDL-C levels).ConclusionsElevated RC levels were associated with cardiovascular mortality independent of traditional risk factors.

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“…External validation of Martin’s method has been conducted in multiple national and international datasets ( 8 , 26 – 28 ), including those who received PCSK9i [Evolocumab ( 29 ) and Alirocumab ( 30 )]. Li et al discovered that the Sampson equation is more accurate for determining LDL-C in Chinese patients with acute coronary syndrome than the Friedewald equation ( 31 ). In 2020, Sampson et al developed a new equation to estimate LDL-C with high reliability ( 14 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Directly Measured vs. Calculated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Does Not Identify Additional Individuals With Coronary Artery Disease and Diabetes at Higher Risk of Adverse Events: Insight From a Large Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Cohort in Asia

Shi

Wang

Liu

et al. 2022

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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BackgroundThe objective of our study was to assess whether calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is inferior to direct LDL-C (dLDL-C) in identifying patients at higher risk of all-cause mortality, recurrent acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE).MethodsA total of 9,751 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the Fuwai PCI registry were included. DLDL-C was measured by the selective solubilization method (Kyowa Medex, Tokyo, Japan). Correct classification was defined as the proportion of estimated LDL-C in the same category as dLDL-C based on dLDL-C levels: less than 1.4, 1.4–1.8, 1.8–2.6, 2.6–3.0, and 3.0 mmol/L or greater.ResultsUnderestimation of LDL-C was found in 9.7% of patients using the Martin/Hopkins equation, compared with 13.9% using the Sampson equation and 24.6% with the Friedewald equation. Cox regression analysis showed compared the correct estimation group, underestimation of LDL-C by the Martin/Hopkins equation did not reduce all-cause mortality (HR 1.26, 95% CI: 0.72–2.20, P = 0.4), recurrent AMI (HR 1.24, 95% CI: 0.69–2.21, P = 0.5), and MACE (HR 1.02, 95% CI: 0.83–1.26, P = 0.9). Similarly, the overestimated group did not exacerbate all-cause mortality (HR 0.9, 95% CI: 0.45–1.77, P = 0.8), recurrent AMI (HR 0.63, 95% CI: 0.28–1.44, P = 0.3), and MACE (HR 1.07, 95% CI: 0.86–1.32, P = 0.6). The results of the diabetes subgroup analysis were similar to those of the whole population.ConclusionCompared with dLDL-C measurement, misclassification by the Martin/Hopkins and Sampson equations was present in approximately 20% of patients. However, directly measured vs. calculated LDL-C did not identify any more individuals in the PCI population with increased risk of all-cause mortality, recurrent AMI, and MACE, even in high-risk patients such as those with diabetes.

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Evaluation of Sampson equation for LDL-C in acute coronary syndrome patients: a Chinese population-based cohort study

Cited by 10 publications

References 23 publications

Accuracy and Clinical Impact of Estimating Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol at High and Low Levels by Different Equations

Accuracy and Clinical Impact of Estimating Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol at High and Low Levels by Different Equations

Remnant cholesterol is associated with cardiovascular mortality

Directly Measured vs. Calculated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Does Not Identify Additional Individuals With Coronary Artery Disease and Diabetes at Higher Risk of Adverse Events: Insight From a Large Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Cohort in Asia

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