Evaluation of saturation vapor pressure over hypersaline water bodies at the southern edge of the dead sea, Jordan

Oroud, Ibrahim M.

doi:10.1016/0038-092x(94)90129-p

Cited by 29 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Previous studies on the Dead Sea evaporation used indirect methods, such as water budget calculations (Salameh, 1996;Salameh and El-Naser, 2000); the energy budget approach (Stanhill, 1994;Lensky et al, 2005); aerodynamic methods (Salhotra et al, 1985;Oroud, 1994); or the combination of the latter two methods, called the combination approach (Calder and Neal, 1984;Asmar and Ergenzinger, 1999;Oroud, 2011). Variations in evaporation estimates between the studies result from assumptions on single water budget components such as groundwater inflow, different lengths of the time series of input variables, different measurement locations, and measurement uncertainties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Vüllers

Nied

Corsmeier

et al. 2018

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The Dead Sea is a terminal lake, located in an arid environment. Evaporation is the key component of the Dead Sea water budget and accounts for the main loss of water. So far, lake evaporation has been determined by indirect methods only and not measured directly. Consequently, the governing factors of evaporation are unknown. For the first time, long-term eddy covariance measurements were performed at the western Dead Sea shore for a period of 1 year by implementing a new concept for onshore lake evaporation measurements. To account for lake evaporation during offshore wind conditions, a robust and reliable multiple regression model was developed using the identified governing factors wind velocity and water vapour pressure deficit. An overall regression coefficient of 0.8 is achieved. The measurements show that the diurnal evaporation cycle is governed by three local wind systems: a lake breeze during daytime, strong downslope winds in the evening, and strong northerly along-valley flows during the night. After sunset, the strong winds cause half-hourly evaporation rates which are up to 100 % higher than during daytime. The median daily evaporation is 4.3 mm d−1 in July and 1.1 mm d−1 in December. The annual evaporation of the water surface at the measurement location was 994±88 mm a−1 from March 2014 until March 2015. Furthermore, the performance of indirect evaporation approaches was tested and compared to the measurements. The aerodynamic approach is applicable for sub-daily and multi-day calculations and attains correlation coefficients between 0.85 and 0.99. For the application of the Bowen ratio energy budget method and the Priestley–Taylor method, measurements of the heat storage term are inevitable on timescales up to 1 month. Otherwise strong seasonal biases occur. The Penman equation was adapted to calculate realistic evaporation, by using an empirically gained linear function for the heat storage term, achieving correlation coefficients between 0.92 and 0.97. In summary, this study introduces a new approach to measure lake evaporation with a station located at the shoreline, which is also transferable to other lakes. It provides the first directly measured Dead Sea evaporation rates as well as applicable methods for evaporation calculation. The first one enables us to further close the Dead Sea water budget, and the latter one enables us to facilitate water management in the region.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Vüllers

Nied

Corsmeier

et al. 2018

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…The starting point is Equation (18) derived by Salhorta et al (1985Salhorta et al ( , 1987 and Oroud (1994), where E is the evaporation rate [mm/d], fuY f is the transfer coecient over the saline body and is a function of wind speed, surface roughness and atmospheric stability.…”

Section: E Fsy Uy T a Y H 17 Dalton-type Formulamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He reported the data of several studies in a chart of density versus water activity coecient. From this chart the relationship between the water activity coecient and the water density is derived, and accounts for both corrections suggested by Salhorta et al (1987) for negative temperature feedback eect, and by Oroud (1994) for the buoyancy, where r is the water density [kg/m 3 ].…”

Section: Modified Penman Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering its limitations, it is necessary to determine the evaporation rate independently in order to overcome the inaccuracies in this method. Salhorta et al (1985Salhorta et al ( , 1987 and Oroud (1994) developed models that depend on a Dalton-type formula. This approach is based on ®rst computing the eect of salinity on the saturation vapour pressure of the saline solution, and then incorporating this information in a Dalton-type formula to estimate evaporation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimation of evaporation from the Dead Sea

Asmar

Ergenzinger

1999

Hydrol. Process.

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Abstract:A project to link the Dead Sea to the Red Sea via a canal is undergoing extensive study. As part of this study, a method to estimate evaporation from the Dead Sea is required as it is a hypersaline lake in which standard methods cannot be applied. Two methods based on Penman and Dalton formulae were examined. The method derived here is a modi®ed Penman model that estimates the evaporation as a function of salinity, humidity, air temperature and wind speed. Other parameters such as water temperature are included implicitly in the model. The results obtained were veri®ed as satisfactory agreement was achieved by comparison with previous measurements. A short-cut relationship to estimate evaporation as a function of salinity only was also derived.

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“…Brine with a specific gravity of •-1.22 is drawn from the Dead Sea into a large pond and then routed to successive concentration shallow ponds until its specific gravity exceeds 1.34 when potash is collected. The activity coefficients of these lagoons range from •-0.65 to •-0.4 [see Oroud, 1994Oroud, , 1995Starthill, 1994]. Equation (21) is used to evaluate evaporation differences among these water bodies using only their observed average temperatures.…”

Section: Application Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new formulation of evaporation‐temperature dynamics of saline solutions

Oroud¹

2001

Water Resources Research

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Abstract. This paper presents a new formulation which connects the variations in evaporation among adjacent shallow saline solutions to the differences in their surface temperatures. The derivations are based on the theory of water vapor transfer and energy balance considerations. Evaporation differences among adjacent shallow saline solutions are evaluated without the need to measure their activity coefficients or the prevailing meteorological forcings. The only parameters needed to evaluate the differences in evaporation among saline solutions exposed to the same meteorological forcings are their surface temperatures and a general heat transfer coefficient term for sensible heat. When combined with conventional or remote-sensing data, the procedure can be used for operational purposes and as a diagnostic tool to analyze evaporation and heat balance dynamics of saline water bodies under different environmental conditions. The present formulation will prove useful in evaluating the transfer coefficient of sensible heat using only evaporation from and temperature of saline solutions having different activity coefficients. In addition to the above applications this formulation can be extended to examine the efficiency of monolayers or other chemicals in suppressing evaporation from freshwater lakes, particularly in arid and semiarid regions. This can be achieved by observing the increase in temperature of these water bodies compared to untreated or controlled dams or lakes.

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Evaluation of saturation vapor pressure over hypersaline water bodies at the southern edge of the dead sea, Jordan

Cited by 29 publications

References 14 publications

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Dead Sea evaporation by eddy covariance measurements vs. aerodynamic, energy budget, Priestley–Taylor, and Penman estimates

Estimation of evaporation from the Dead Sea

A new formulation of evaporation‐temperature dynamics of saline solutions

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