Evaluation of sedation and analgesia in standing horses after administration of xylazine, butorphanol, and subanesthetic doses of ketamine

Wagner, Ann E.; Mama, Khursheed R.; Contino, Erin K.; Ferris, Dora J.; Kawcak, Christopher E.

doi:10.2460/javma.238.12.1629

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, the addition of morphine or methadone did not facilitate access to the oral cavity. Similar results were reported with xylazine alone or in combination with butorphanol in standing horses submitted to dental float insertion (WAGNER et al, 2011). In contrast, clinical studies have reported a pronounced degree of sedation and analgesia during standing surgery in horses, with the addition of opioids, such as butorphanol, morphine and buprenorphine, to the α 2 -agonists ( VAN DIJK et al, 2003;BENREDOUANE et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

A comparison of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli

Guilhen

Cassu

Diniz

et al. 2015

SCA

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A comparison of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli Comparação entre a associação da detomidina à solução salina, à morfina ou à metadona em cavalos submetidos aos estímulos experimentais na cavidade oral AbstractThis study aimed to compare the sedative and cardiopulmonary effects of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone and to determine whether the addition of these opioids increases the degree of sedation in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli. In a blinded, randomized, experimental study, six adult mares were evaluated using a crossover design with at least 15 days between trials: 10µg/kg detomidine in combination with saline (D/SAL), 0.1mg/kg morphine (D/ MORPH) or 0.1mg/kg methadone (D/METH). The degree of sedation, response to oral stimuli and cardiopulmonary parameters were monitored for 120 minutes. Parametric data were analyzed using the ANOVA and Tukey's tests, and non-parametric data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis and Friedman's tests with the post-Dunn test (P<0.05). The degree of sedation was significantly greater for the D/SAL than for the D/MORPH and D/METH treatments at 30 min. The horses´ responses to the oral stimuli decreased significantly following all treatments at 5 and 30 min from baseline values. The heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial pH and blood gas variables were all similar among the treatment groups. Mean arterial blood pressure was significantly higher in the D/MORPH group when compared with the D/SAL group between 75 and 120 min. It was concluded that all treatments provided sedative effects with mild cardiopulmonary changes. However the addition of morphine or methadone to detomidine did not improve the degree of sedation in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli. Key words: Alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonists, dental, equine, opioids ResumoObjetivou-se comparar os efeitos sedativos e cardiorrespiratórios da detomidina associada à solução salina, à morfina ou à metadona e determinar se a associação desses opioides poderia incrementar o grau de sedação em cavalos submetidos aos estímulos na cavidade oral. Em estudo cego, com delineamento aleatório foram avaliadas 06 éguas, com intervalo mínimo de 15 dias entre cada avaliação, sendo submetidos aos protocolos de sedação com detomidina (10mg/kg, IV) associada à solução salina (D/SAL), a 0,1mg/kg (IV) de morfina (D/MORF) ou a 0,1mg/kg (IV) de metadona (D/MET).

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

A comparison of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli

Guilhen

Cassu

Diniz

et al. 2015

SCA

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“…A combination of xylazine, butorphanol and ketamine (0.2 mg/kg bwt i.v. ), relative to xylazine alone or xylazine/butorphanol, did not increase the level of sedation but improved ease of insertion of a dental float, decreased response associated with arthrocentesis and increased pressure algometry threshold at the withers, but increased responsiveness to a sharp needle prick .…”

Section: Management Of Acute Severe Pain: Multimodal Therapymentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Although the majority of work documenting these effects has been performed in other species, ketamine is likely to be most useful in situations where pain is severe or where an individual's pain threshold has been altered such that a previously nonpainful stimulus becomes painful. Antinociception has not been demonstrated in healthy horses receiving infusions of ketamine , but beneficial effects have been noted in clinical settings . A combination of xylazine, butorphanol and ketamine (0.2 mg/kg bwt i.v.…”

Section: Management Of Acute Severe Pain: Multimodal Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain control in horses: What do we really know?

Sanchez

Robertson

2014

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryCurrently, approaches to pain control in horses are a mixture of art and science. Recognition of overt pain behaviours, such as rolling, kicking at the abdomen, flank watching, lameness or blepharospasm, may be obvious; subtle signs of pain can include changes in facial expression or head position, location in the stall and response to palpation or human interaction. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine and firocoxib), opioids (i.e. butorphanol, morphine and buprenorphine) and α2-adrenergic agonists (i.e. xylazine, detomidine, romifidine and medetomidine) are the most commonly used therapeutic options. Multimodal therapy using constant-rate infusions of lidocaine, ketamine and/or butorphanol has gained popularity for severe pain in hospitalised cases. Drugs targeting neuropathic pain, such as gabapentin, are increasingly used for conditions such as laminitis. Optimal strategies for management of pain are based upon severity and chronicity, including special considerations for use of intra-articular or epidural delivery and therapy in foals. Strategies that aim to mitigate adverse effects associated with use of various analgesic agents are briefly discussed.

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“…It also contributes to balanced anesthesia by providing intrinsic analgesia during surgery, reduces the drug requirements for maintenance, and enhances recovery during the postoperative period (3,4). Subanesthetic doses of ketamine have been used to provide analgesia in awake and anesthetized horses effectively (5) and to augment sedation along with xylazine and butorphanol in standing anesthesia without any adverse side effects (6). Studies investigating the use of a subanesthetic dose of ketamine at 0.6 mg/kg/h have been shown to enhance analgesia in chronic laminitis (7).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A preliminary study on effects of subanesthetic doses of preemptive ketamine given prior to premedication on total intravenous anesthesia for short- to medium-term surgical procedures in horses

Sharma¹,

Gopinathan²,

Singh³

et al. 2019

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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This study was conducted to determine the effects of subanesthetic doses of ketamine given prior to premedication on the quality of anesthesia, recovery, and postoperative pain in horses. Eighteen horses were randomly recruited into three equal groups, S, LK, and HK, wherein saline, ketamine at 0.2 mg/kg body weight (bwt), and ketamine at 0.4 mg/kg bwt were given, respectively, i.v. for 30 min as a continuous rate infusion (CRI). Horses were premedicated with xylazine at 1 mg/kg bwt i.v. and butorphanol at 0.05 mg/kg bwt i.v. after 30 min. Anesthesia was induced using ketamine and midazolam and was maintained with ketamine at 2 mg/kg/h as CRI, and bolus doses of thiopental 5% solution was given i.v. whenever necessary. Preemptive ketamine infusion clinically enhanced the quality of sedation and enabled smooth induction with significantly (P < 0.05) higher sedation and postinfusion ataxia and shorter down-time (P < 0.05) in group HK. Physiological, hematological, serological, and vital parameters remained within normal limits. All the horses recovered well without any adverse effects and stood in less than 2 h after surgery. Fluctuation in pain scores at 1 h and 2 h after the end of surgery was minimum in group HK.

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Evaluation of sedation and analgesia in standing horses after administration of xylazine, butorphanol, and subanesthetic doses of ketamine

Cited by 18 publications

References 14 publications

A comparison of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli

A comparison of detomidine in combination with saline, morphine or methadone in horses submitted to experimental oral stimuli

Pain control in horses: What do we really know?

A preliminary study on effects of subanesthetic doses of preemptive ketamine given prior to premedication on total intravenous anesthesia for short- to medium-term surgical procedures in horses

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