Evaluation of silicon-based strengthening agents on porous limestones

Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, P.; Kallithrakas‐Kontos, N.; Korakaki, D.; Agioutantis, Z.; Maurigiannakis, S.

doi:10.1016/j.porgcoat.2006.08.007

Cited by 80 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In order to study the effect of consolidation materials on the modification of the pores space network and water transport properties of stone specimens, the polymerization process of the silane-based materials was monitored at preset time intervals (between 20 h and 12 months) by FTIR analysis, while in addition, the microstructural characteristic of xerogels and the subsequent effect of their deposition on the stone material were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [16].…”

Section: Analytical Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the majority of laboratory tests focus on performance evaluation, durability and compatibility of consolidation and surface protection materials [8][9][10][11][12][13], time and condition of curing have not been studied thoroughly. For example, the hydrolysis and condensation of alkoxysilanes depends on environmental parameters such as relative humidity, pH, catalysts, etc [14] and thus, different curing conditions may lead to different properties and performance characteristics [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modification of water transport properties of porous building stones caused by polymerization of silicon-based consolidation products

Karatasios

Michalopoulou

Amenta

et al. 2017

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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This work studies the polymerization process of four different commercially available silicon-based polymers and their consequent effect on surface tension and water transport properties of natural stones used in architectural monuments, essential for modeling and predicting the durability of natural stones against weathering action of aqueous solutions. The four products studied consisted of two ethyl-silicate based materials, an alkyl-alkoxy siloxane oligomer with hydrophobic agents and finally, a silane/siloxane emulsion. In all cases, the morphology of the amorphous material deposited into the pore network of stones was examined by electron microscopy (SEM). The polymerization process was studied by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on both inert surface and porous stone substrate. The treated stone specimens were further tested after polymerization in terms of determination and comparison of water absorption coefficient, open porosity, pore size distribution (mercury intrusion porosimetry) and surface tension (contact angle measurements) properties. According to the analysis, the modification of the wetting properties of the stone surface should be related rather with the chemistry than the microstructure of the xerogels alone.

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Section: Analytical Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of water transport properties of porous building stones caused by polymerization of silicon-based consolidation products

Karatasios

Michalopoulou

Amenta

et al. 2017

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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“…This is undesired, because over-strengthening of the sound part might lead to mechanical incompatibility between the treated part and the substrate, potentially leading to its detachment [51,52]. Therefore, treatments able to restore mechanical properties of the weathered part, without causing excessive strengthening of the sound part are recommended [51,53].…”

Section: Consolidating Abilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium phosphate coatings for marble conservation: Influence of ethanol and isopropanol addition to the precipitation medium on the coating microstructure and performance

et al. 2018

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The effect of adding ethanol and isopropanol to aqueous solutions of diammonium hydrogen phosphate, used to create a passivating layer of calcium phosphates over marble, was investigated. Thanks to its weakening effect on the hydration sphere of ions in solution, ethanol allowed complete coverage of marble surface by a crackfree and pore-free layer of octacalcium phosphate. Even better results were obtained using isopropanol, because it has lower adsorption affinity to calcite than ethanol. Treatments involving alcohols provided good acid protection and also restored cohesion among calcite grains in weathered marble.

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“…Stone consolidation, however, needs careful designing and preliminary testing, as it is basically an irreversible intervention in most of the cases [1][2][3][4]. Moreover, consolidation might even result in an acceleration of materials decay [5,6], if unsuitable materials or treatment conditions are selected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consolidation of porous carbonate stones by an innovative phosphate treatment: mechanical strengthening and physical-microstructural compatibility in comparison with TEOS-based treatments

2015

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For preservation of stones used in Cultural Heritage, affected by weathering processes that threaten their cohesion and mechanical properties, the application of consolidants is a common practice. However, available consolidating products generally exhibit some drawbacks that hinder their performance, in terms of either mechanical efficacy, compatibility with the substrate and/or durability. Ethyl silicate is currently the most widely used among stone consolidants; nevertheless, its reduced efficacy on calcitic substrates, together with its temporary hydrophobicity, its tendency to crack and its common formulation with volatile organic solvent, make the research for alternative consolidants for carbonate stones necessary. In this paper, a recently proposed new consolidation treatment based on the formation of hydroxyapatite inside the stone was tested on two different porous carbonate stones (Globigerina Limestone and Giallo Terra di Siena), and compared with TEOS-based treatments, frequently used for the consolidation of these lithotypes. The results show that the hydroxyapatite treatment exhibits a good efficacy in terms of mechanical properties and, compared to TEOS, it causes less pronounced alterations in open porosity and water transport properties. This makes the new treatment a potentially valid alternative to TEOS, especially in those situations where the possible presence of water behind the consolidated layer (e.g. in case of rising damp, condensation or infiltration) might threaten the durability of the consolidation intervention.

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Evaluation of silicon-based strengthening agents on porous limestones

Cited by 80 publications

References 7 publications

Modification of water transport properties of porous building stones caused by polymerization of silicon-based consolidation products

Modification of water transport properties of porous building stones caused by polymerization of silicon-based consolidation products

Calcium phosphate coatings for marble conservation: Influence of ethanol and isopropanol addition to the precipitation medium on the coating microstructure and performance

Consolidation of porous carbonate stones by an innovative phosphate treatment: mechanical strengthening and physical-microstructural compatibility in comparison with TEOS-based treatments

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