Evaluation of Six Natural Gas Combustion Systems for LNG Locomotive Applications

Meyers, D.; Bourn, Gary D.; Hedrick, John C.; Kubesh, John T.

doi:10.4271/972967

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The ability to increase the CR can improve the engine performance. In addition, natural-gas direct-injection combustion can avoid smoke emission from GDI combustion [12][13][14][15]. Some previous studies were conducted on naturalgas direct-injection combustion by using a rapid compression machine and/or engines [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the compression ratio on the performance and combustion of a natural-gas direct-injection engine

Zheng

Wang

et al. 2009

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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An experimental study on the combustion and emissions of a natural-gas direct-injection spark ignition engine under different compression ratios was carried out. The results show that the compression ratio has a large influence on the engine performance, combustion, and emissions. The penetration distance of the natural-gas jet is decreased and relatively strong mixture stratification is formed as the compression ratio is increased, giving a fast burning rate and a high thermal efficiency, especially at low and medium engine loads. However, the brake thermal efficiency is increased with a compression ratio up to a limit of 12 at high engine loads. The maximum cylinder gas pressure is increased with increase in the compression ratio. The flame development duration is decreased with increase in the compression ratio and this behaviour becomes more obvious with increase in the compression ratio at low loads or for lean mixture combustion. This indicates that the compression ratio has a significant influence on the combustion duration at lean combustion. The exhaust hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide emissions decreased with increase in the compression ratio, while the exhaust nitrogen oxide emission is increased with increase in the compression ratio. The exhaust HC emission tends to increase at high compression ratios. Experiments showed that a compression ratio of 12 is a reasonable value for a compressed-natural-gas direct-injection engine to obtain a better thermal efficiency without a large penalty of emissions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the compression ratio on the performance and combustion of a natural-gas direct-injection engine

Zheng

Wang

et al. 2009

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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“…In addition, natural gas direct-injection combustion can avoid smoke emission from gasoline direct-injection combustion. [12][13][14][15] Some previous studies were conducted on natural gas direct-injection combustion by using a rapid compression machine and/or engines. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The cycle-by-cycle variations exist in spark ignition engines, and this phenomenon will become more severe at lean burn or highly diluted mixtures such as high EGR ratio.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ability to increase the compression ratio can improve the engine performance. In addition, natural gas direct-injection combustion can avoid smoke emission from gasoline direct-injection combustion. − Some previous studies were conducted on natural gas direct-injection combustion by using a rapid compression machine and/or engines. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Compression Ratio on Cycle-by-Cycle Variations in a Natural Gas Direct Injection Engine

Zheng¹,

Huang²,

Wang³

et al. 2009

Energy Fuels

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Cycle-by-cycle variations of a natural gas direct-injection spark ignition engine at different compression ratios were investigated. The results show that the lean burn limit of the natural-gas direct injection engine can be extended to a larger overall excess air ratio compared with that of the homogeneous charge natural gas engine. The coefficient of variations (CoV) of indicated mean effective pressure decreases with the increase of compression ratio. However, CoV of indicated mean effective pressure is increased at high engine load when compression ratio is larger than 12. The cycle-by-cycle variations are more clearly demonstrated in CoV of indicated mean effective pressure rather than in CoV of cylinder peak pressure. Average values of flame development duration, main combustion duration, and total combustion duration are decreased and combustion is improved with increasing compression ratio. This is the reason for decreasing cycle-by-cycle variations in the natural gas direct-injection engine. Better interdependence exists between the indicated mean effective pressure and the flame development duration, as well as between the indicated mean effective pressure and late combustion duration. Cycle-by-cycle variations of the natural gas direct-injection engine are resulted from cycle-by-cycle variations in flame development duration and late combustion duration. This shows some difference to that of homogeneous charge natural gas engine, where cycle-by-cycle variations are mainly influenced by the variations in early flame development stage.

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“…They found that a 4° retardation in injection timing led to a 25% reduction in NO x emissions, albeit at the cost of somewhat higher smoke opacity readings. Other studies have also reported NO x emissions advantages from locomotive engines designed to run on liquefied natural gas ( , ) and engines equipped with NO x control technologies such as selective catalytic reduction (). Popp et al () have also discussed the feasibility of using a remote sensing system to measure emissions from in-use locomotives, and found the NO x emission factor to compare favorably with data from Southwest Research Institute for a similar engine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulated and Non-Regulated Emissions from In-Use Diesel-Electric Switching Locomotives

Sawant

Nigam

Miller

et al. 2007

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Diesel-electric locomotives are vital to the operation of freight railroads in the United States, and emissions from this source category have generated interest in recent years. They are also gaining attention as an important emission source under the larger set of nonroad sources, both from a regulated emissions and health effects standpoint. The present work analyzes regulated (NOx, PM, THC, CO) and non-regulated emissions from three in-use diesel-electric switching locomotives using standardized sampling and analytical techniques. The engines tested in this work were from 1950, 1960, and 1970 and showed a range of NOx and PM emissions. In general, non-regulated gaseous emissions showed a sharp increase as engines shifted from non-idle to idle operating modes. This is interesting from an emissions perspective since activity data shows that these locomotives spend around 60% of their time idling. In terms of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contributions, the dominance of naphthalene and its derivatives over the total PAH emissions was apparent, similar to observations for on-road diesel tractors. Among nonnaphthalenic species, itwas observed that lower molecular weight PAHs and n-alkanes dominated their respective compound classes. Regulated emissions from a newer technology engine used in a back-up generator (BUG) application were also compared againstthe present engines; it was determined that use of the newer engine may lower NOx and PM emissions by up to 30%. Another area of interest to regulators is better estimation of the marine engine inventory for port operations. Toward that end, a comparison of emissions from these engines with engine manufacturer data and the newer technology BUG engine was also performed for a marine duty cycle, another application where these engines are used typically with little modifications.

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Evaluation of Six Natural Gas Combustion Systems for LNG Locomotive Applications

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Effect of the compression ratio on the performance and combustion of a natural-gas direct-injection engine

Effect of the compression ratio on the performance and combustion of a natural-gas direct-injection engine

Effect of Compression Ratio on Cycle-by-Cycle Variations in a Natural Gas Direct Injection Engine

Regulated and Non-Regulated Emissions from In-Use Diesel-Electric Switching Locomotives

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