Evaluation of small-scale combustion of an insensitive high explosive formulation containing 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN), and 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX)

Abstract

Energetic materials are often disposed by open-burning or open-detonation as it is a cost-effective and efficient means of destroying explosive material, and often minimises the need to transport hazardous explosives to treatment facilities. This practice is often scrutinised for the negative environmental impact of the odorous and unsightly toxic gaseous emissions as well as the resulting deposition residues, which often contain unburned energetic materials. With the increasing use of Insensitive High Explosive compositions in munitions, it is essential that the potential environmental impact of their disposal is assessed before their extensive use to prevent the kind of contamination incidents experienced with legacy explosives.Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a controlled laboratory experiment to identify the gaseous emissions and the energetic material residues that are generated through the combustion of the IHE components 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and 1,3,5-

Probing the Reaction Mechanisms of 3,5-Difluoro-2,4,6-Trinitroanisole (DFTNAN) through a Comparative Study with Trinitroanisole (TNAN)

“…A weak band at 1280 cm −1 can be attributed to the phenolic hydroxyl of C 6 H 3 F 2 O with m/z of 129, generated from the disassociation of methyl from the ether group and nitro group. The broad band at 720 cm −1 is attributed to HCN corresponding to the fragment ion with m/z of 27, which is formed from the dissociative methyl and nitro group [ 22 ].…”

Exploring the thermal decomposition and detonation mechanisms of 2,4-dinitroanisole by TG-FTIR-MS and molecular simulations

“…2.2.2). Effective rate constants for each product creation can be calculated from eqn (3). Simulated results are presented in Fig.…”

“…Nitro-aromatic compounds are important energetic materials that are widely used in many military and civilian applications. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] Among them, 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) is an insensitive melt-cast matrix ingredient, which was used to prepare Amatol-40 explosives in WWII. 11,12 Since the 1980s, DNAN has again aroused strong attention and has become a promising energetic material to replace the traditional trinitrotoluene (TNT) in melt-cast explosives to make them less sensitive [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] owing to its kinetic inertness and thermal stability.…”

Graphene oxide based nickel–copper–zinc and copper–zinc cobaltite: catalysts for the thermolysis of ammonium perchlorate and nitrotriazolone

“…NTO is often employed in insensitive munition (IM) formulations such as IMX 101 and IMX 104 along with other high energetic materials such as 2,4-dinitroanisole, nitroguanidine, and RDX to name a few because of its low sensitivity. 5 NTO is an insensitive energetic material that is synthesized in a laboratory using a safe and low-cost process. On the other hand, AP is a strong oxidizer that has ease of availability.…”