Evaluation of smart charging for electric vehicle-to-building integration: A case study

An energy paradigm transition framework from negative towards positive district energy sharing networks—Battery cycling aging, advanced battery management strategies, flexible vehicles-to-buildings interactions, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis

“…To improve the economic benefits, under the average local price, the capital battery cost should be lower than 150 €/kWh. Heredia et al [42] adopted an adaptive charging network algorithm for the smart charging on an electric vehicle-to-building integration system. Results showed that, the proposed smart charging strategy can reduce the operation cost and the peak charging load by 37% and 29%, respectively.…”

Network‐adaptive and capacity‐efficient electric vehicle charging site

“…A major difference is between 11 h 30 min and 12 h 30 min, when the average current on phase B is 72.2 A with the CCE algorithm and 53.4 A with the reference algorithm. During this time period, the reference algorithm charges 73.9% FIGURE 9 The phase currents and the available capacity limit on Friday: the CCE algorithm (above) and the compared algorithm (below) FIGURE 10 The currents of Wednesday from 10 h to 14 h: the CCE algorithm (above) and the compared algorithm (below) of the current on phase B compared with the CCE algorithm. The results of Friday are illustrated in Figure 9 and in Figure 10.…”

“… is the number of active charging sessions. In addition to [10], the algorithm is used in [9] as well as by several commercial charging operators and charging point manufacturers [25–27]. In [5], the fair sharing algorithm is used as a reference algorithm, like in this paper.…”

“…However, no solution for the issue is offered. In [9], an adaptive charging algorithm is presented, where the charging current is used to measure the energy consumption of each vehicle, but is not used as an input to the charging algorithm. The algorithm is tested with single‐phase AC chargers and a fast charger, not with three‐phase AC chargers.…”

“…To fill the identified gaps in research, the contribution of this paper is as follows: Propose a novel adaptive charging algorithm, called CCE (charging characteristic expectation) algorithm that employs actual charging currents and has a capacity to learn the charging characteristics of the charging EV. The CCE algorithm would enhance the operation of the charging algorithms, for example the ones presented in [9, 10, 17] and [21], by reducing idle network capacity and charging times. The charging algorithm is extended to function with a prioritized fast‐charging station or under varying load in the network. Test the functionality of the algorithm with four real electric vehicles, charging stations and a fast‐charging station emulator via hardware‐in‐the‐loop simulations.…”